510S 

OH 

no.  1 1  - 1 5 

cop-  2. 

BI0W 


IBRARY 
OF  THE*” 

U  N  I  VERS  ITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 


amm  feb  i  1944 

Hisioia. 


Volume  III,  No.  2 


Bulletin  No.  12 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


THE  FI  MET  ARI  ALES  OF  OHIO 

ROBERT  STRATTON 


IKE  LIBRARY,  f: 


APR  2  4  m 

UNIVRfiTV  OF 


Published  by 

THE  OHIO  STATE  UNIVERSITY 
Columbus, 

1921 


1  O  B  S 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2018  with  funding  from 
BHL-SIL-FEDLINK 


https://archive.org/details/fimetarialesofoh1115stra 


J~7,0.  S' 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 

By 

ROBERT  STRATTON 
INTRODUCTION* 

Although  some  knowledge  of  the  Fimetariales  had  been  gained  by 
special  work  as  an  undergraduate  student  in  1914,  actual  work  for  the 
preparation  of  this  paper  was  not  begun  until  the  fall  of  1916.  Since  only 
one  species,  Fimetaria  fimicola,  belonging  to  this  order  has  been  reported 
for  Ohio,  so  far  as  is  known  by  the  author,  it  seemed  desirable  to  determine 
how  numerous  these  plants  were  in  this  area.  While  the  chief  aim  was  to 
catalogue  the  species  found,  yet,  the  author,  unless  otherwise  stated,  has 
completely  rewritten  the  descriptions  from  his  own  data  with  careful 
attention,  of  course,  to  the  diagnoses  given  by  others. 

Profiting  by  the  knowledge  gained  by  Griffiths,  namely,  that  by  using 
moist  chambers,  cultures  of  the  more  delicate  forms,  which  would 
ordinarily  escape  observation  in  the  field,  as  well  as  the  more  hardy  ones, 
could  be  obtained  in  the  laboratory  from  material  collected  in  any  locality, 
letters  were  sent  in  the  fall  of  1914  to  about  thirty-five  botanists  and 
friends  living  in  different  parts  of  the  state.  They  were  asked  to  send  old 
dry  material  of  different  kinds  of  dung.  Replies  were  received  from  about 
ten,  of  whom  only  a  few  sent  material. 

Old  material  was  especially  mentioned  in  the  letters  because  the 
experience  of  previous  workers  has  shown  that  it  is  the  most  productive 
when  placed  under  proper  conditions  for  the  development  of  these  fungi. 
This  is  probably  true  for  two  reasons:  (1)  the  older  the  material,  the  more 
likely  it  is  to  contain  spores  of  one  or  more  species;  (2)  crops  produced  by 
successive  intervals  of  moisture  cover  the  substratum  with  spores  so  that 
each  successive  production  is  heavier  than  the  previous  one. 

In  the  work  of  1914  the  author  not  only  gained  some  idea  of  the 
group  as  a  whole  and  the  manner  of  obtaining  material,  but  also  became 
familiar  with  about  ten  different  species  of  the  group.  No  attempt, 
however,  was  made  at  that  time  to  describe  the  species  or  to  make  sketches 
of  them.  Thus  these  species  had  to  be  restudied  for  the  present  paper 
and  descriptions  had  to  be  made. 

The  following  friends  and  botanists  have  contributed  material  from 
the  localities  designated:  Miss  Cora  March,  Wyoming,  per  Wm.  Schaeffer 
and  Fred  Brater;  Maximilian  Braam,  Cincinnati;  E.  L.  Moseley,  Sandusky; 
M.  E.  Stickney,  Granville;  W.  G.  Stover,  Oxford,  Columbus,  and  Buckeye 

•Contributions  from  the  botanical  laboratory  of  Miami  University.— XVII. 

75 


76 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Lake;  Bruce  Fink,  Peebles,  Eaton,  and  Mason;  Robert  Gordon,  Eaton; 
Chas.  P.  Fox,  Mt.  Peace,  near  Akron;  A.  E.  Black,  Oxford;  Wm.  A.  Stratton, 
Sardinia;  and  Chas.  R.  Stevenson,  Stout. 

The  illustrations  given  were  made  to  show  the  form  and  structure  of 
each  plant  as  to  its  chief  parts  and  thus  to  be  a  means  of  aiding  the  student 
in  determining  or  recognizing  the  different  species.  All  drawings  were 
outlined  and  as  many  of  the  details  as  possible  were  put  in  by  means  of 
the  camera  lucida.  A  Leitz  microscope  with  a  tube  length  of  160  mic.,  a 
Leitz  ocular  micrometer,  whose  scale  had  been  measured  by  means  of  a 
Bausch  &  Lomb  stage  micrometer  ruled  in  tenths  and  hundredths  of  a 
millimeter,  and  a  Bausch  &  Lomb  camera  lucida  with  the  mirror  bar  at 
110  ',  and  the  camera  mirror  at  50  ,  were  used  with  the  paper  at  the  level 
of  the  table.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  perithecia  are  magnified  79  diameters 
and  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores,  450  diameters.  Some  features 
could  not  be  represented  easily  by  the  use  of  the  camera  lucida.  For 
instance,  the  hairs  of  the  perithecia,  when  very  numerous,  had  to  be  drawn 
quite  diagrammatically. 

Most  of  the  figures  were  made  from  living  material.  This  has  both 
advantages  and  disadvantages.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being  more 
truthful,  but  the  disadvantage  of  being  less  usable  since  many  of  the 
characteristics  are  lost  by  desiccation  and  most  observers  see  them  in  the 
dry  condition.  It  was  the  desire  of  the  author  to  make  drawings  of  the 
perithecium,  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  for  each  species;  but,  for 
lack  of  time  and  material,  this  could  not  be  done  for  many  of  the  species. 

Specimens  could  not  in  all  cases  be  preserved  on  account  of  scarcity 
of  material  for  some  species.  Rough  microscopic  mounts  of  most  of  the 
species  were  made,  but  these  will  not  preserve  many  of  the  delicate  parts, 
such  as  the  appendages  of  the  spores  or  even  the  paraphyses  and  asci. 
The  illustrations  may  compensate  for  this  deficiency  to  a  certain  degree. 

All  defects  of  this  paper  must  be  attributed  either  to  the  author’s 
lack  of  time  or  to  his  inability  to  obtain  all  the  references  necessary  to 
make  the  publication  more  accurate,  especially  with  reference  to  the  new 
species  found.  The  author  is  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  G.  Lloyd,  of 
Cincinnati,  for  the  use  of  his  reference  library  and  also  to  his  librarian, 
Miss  Edith  Wycoff,  for  her  kind  assistance.  Acknowledgments  are  also 
due  to  all  who  so  kindly  contributed  material.  Thanks  are  due  especially 
to  Dr.  Bruce  Fink,  under  whose  directions  the  work  was  done,  for 
valuable  suggestions  and  criticism. 

DISTRIBUTION 

No  region  thus  far  explored  for  these  plants  has  failed  to  furnish  a  large 
number  of  species  belonging  to  this  order.  Spegazzini  has  reported  a 
large  number  of  species  from  the  South  American  countries;  Fries  and 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


77 


Karsten,  from  the  Scandinavian  countries;  Phillips,  Plowright,  Cooke,  and 
Vize,  from  the  British  Isles;  Zopf,  Zukal,  Winter,  and  others,  from  Central 
Europe,  especially  Germany;  Saccardo  and  others,  from  Italy;  Griffiths, 
Seaver,  Thaxter,  Harkness,  Ellis  &  Everhart,  Miss  Palliser,  and  others, 
from  North  America.  Although  each  of  these  regions  has  furnished 
species  not  yet  reported  from  the  others,  nevertheless,  there  is  a  striking 
similarity  in  this  portion  of  the  flora  of  all  the  regions  thoroughly  studied. 

Many  of  the  species  described  in  this  paper  have  never  been  collected 
in  the  field  so  far  as  is  known,  yet  they  will  usually  be  found  in  abundance, 
if  cultures  are  made  in  moist  chambers.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact 
that  many  people  never  look  for  them  at  all,  but  chiefly  to  the  fact  that 
many  of  these  plants  are  extremely  delicate  and  do  not  develop  except 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions  of  moisture.  When  drouth  conditions 
return,  they  become  so  collapsed  and  disfigured  that  only  the  most  careful 
and  experienced  observer  will  recognize  them.  On  the  other  hand  the 
substrata  on  which  these  plants  grow  are  collected  almost  invariably  in  a 
perfectly  dry  state,  which  is  the  least  promising  condition  for  their  detection, 
even  if  present  in  good  condition.  As  illustrations,  Pleurage  vestita  and  P. 
zygospora  may  be  used.  The  former  reported  as  rare  in  Germany,  and  the 
latter  from  Italy  alone,  have  been  found  to  be  very  common  in  this  country. 
Some  species  have  been  found  growing  at  an  altitude  of  5000  ft., 
e.  g.,  Fimetaria  bombardioides. 

METHODS 

The  dry  material  furnished  by  friends  or  collected  by  the  author  was 
placed  upon  blotting  paper  in  a  Petri  dish,  after  which  it,  together  with 
the  blotting  paper,  was  throughly  moistened.  If  necessary,  the  material 
was  moistened  again  from  time  to  time.  This  paper  is  based  chiefly  upon 
cultures  made  in  this  way  between  September,  1916,  and  July,  1917.  The 
blotting  paper  used  kept  the  moisture  in  the  Petri  dish  more  uniform  and 
also  served  as  a  substratum  for  many  of  the  species,  especially  for  those 
belonging  to  the  genera,  Chaetomium  and  Fimetaria.  Usually  the  material 
was  examined  both  at  the  time  of  starting  the  culture  and  also  the 
following  day  for  specimens  that  might  be  present  on  the  material  when 
it  was  collected.  Species  of  Agaricaceae  which  developed  in  abundance  in 
some  dishes  were  removed.  Other  writers  have  reported  that  molds  gave 
them  much  trouble;  but  these  did  not  cause  the  author  so  much  trouble  as 
the  Algae,  which  usually  developed  in  each  culture.  Their  slow  develop¬ 
ment,  however,  rendered  them  of  no  serious  difficulty.  It  seemed  that 
molds  were  more  prevalent  on  material  collected  in  the  winter,  while  algae 
were  more  numerous  upon  that  obtained  in  the  summer. 

Dried  specimens,  as  well  as  rough  microscopic  mounts,  were  kept  for 
as  many  species  as  possible.  In  a  few  cases,  where  only  a  small  number 
of  plants  developed  for  the  particular  species,  all  the  material  was  used  in 


78 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


the  microscopic  study.  Since  no  method  has  been  developed  to  preserve 
the  gelatinous  appendages  of  the  spores,  and  since  the  paraphyses  and  asci 
of  many  species  are  so  evanescent,  the  mounts  were  made  as  follows:  the 
material  was  mounted  in  water,  which  was  gradually  removed  with  blot¬ 
ting  paper  and  was  replaced  by  100%  alcohol.  This  was  followed  in  the 
same  way  with  xylol.  After  most  of  the  xylol  had  been  removed,  balsam 
was  added  and  the  cover-glass  applied.  By  this  method,  the  perithecia 
and  hairs  as  well  as  the  spores  and  their  arrangement  in  the  asci  could 
usually  be  preserved  for  some  time. 

The  following  two  methods  given  by  Griffiths  could  not  be  tried  for 
lack  of  time  and  materials:  by  the  one  method  the  object  is  mounted  in  a 
drop  of  two  per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of  chrome  alum  on  the  flat  slide, 
sufficient  pressure  being  placed  on  the  cover  to  rupture  the  perithecia,  the 
superfluous  liquid  being  wiped  off;  the  cover  is  then  sealed  immediately  with 
marine  glue:  by  the  other  method  the  objects  are  mounted  in  water  and 
arranged  as  desired;  then  a  drop  of  dilute  glycerine  is  placed  at  the  edge 
of  the  cover  and  allowed  to  stand  for  two'  or  three  days  before  sealing. 
Griffiths  says  that  the  glycerine  mounts  are  less  liable  to  loss  owing  to 
imperfect  sealing  than  the  others;  but  they  have  the  disadvantage  of  show¬ 
ing  less  detail,  which  is  highly  objectionable  with  such  delicate  structures. 

The  author  did  not  attempt  to  obtain  pure  cultures  until  the  year  was 
half  gone;  but  in  the  remaining  time  he  was  able  to  grow  several  different 
species  on  ordinary  potato  hard  agar,  in  pure  culture,  either  by  transfer¬ 
ring  the  spores  ejected  upon  the  sterile  lid  of  the  Petri  dish,  or  by  making 
two  or  three  succeeding  cultures  each  one  from  the  preceding.  Usually 
by  the  last  method  a  pure  culture  could  be  obtained  in  the  second  transfer. 

Since  this  paper  deals  largely  with  a  survey  of  the  species  found  in 
Ohio,  little  time  could  be  given  to  the  development  of  the  different  species, 
however  interesting  this  may  be.  So  far  as  noted,  the  observations  agreed 
with  those  found  by  Griffiths,  and  therefore  need  not  be  repeated.  At  the 
end  of  each  description,  however,  the  date  of  collecting  the  material  and 
the  time  when  growth  was  obtained  are  given.  It  was  thought  that  this 
might  be  of  interest  in  telling  how  old  were  the  spores  that  still  retained 
the  power  to  germinate  after  withstanding  the  desiccating  influence  of  the 
laboratory.  Griffiths  has  shown  that  spores  of  Fimetaria  fimicola  will 
remain  in  a  normal  condition  over  three  and  one-half  years  under  the 
desiccating  influence  of  laboratory  temperatures  and  germinate.  He  also 
produced  eight  crops  of  the  same  species  in  seventy-five  days,  each  succeed¬ 
ing  crop  being  produced  from  spores  of  the  preceding  one. 

The  structure  of  these  plants  and  the  part  this  plays  in  spore  dissemi¬ 
nation  is  another  phase  that  time  will  not  permit  to  be  developed  in 
this  paper. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


79 


ORDER  FIMETARIALES 

Perithecia  superficial  or  deeply  sunken  in  the  substratum,  usually 
without  stroma,  but,  when  the  latter  is  present,  perithecia  immersed  with 
the  necks  slightly  protruding,  subglobose,  ovoid  or  flask-shaped,  dark-col¬ 
ored,  black  or  nearly  so,  occasionally  dark-brown,  smooth  and  naked  or 
thickly  clothed  with  bristle-like  or  flexuous  hairs  which  are  simple  or 
branched  and  often  overtop  the  perithecia  forming  a  dense  tuft;  perithe- 
cial  wall  thin,  membranous  to  coriaceous.  Paraphyses  persistent  or  evan¬ 
escent.  Asci  4-many-spored,  evanescent  and  scarcely  visible  in  mature 
plants,  or  persistent  but  delicate.  Spores  simple  or  compound,  often 
surrounded  with  a  hyaline  gelatinous  and  rather  evanescent  envelope  or 
with  a  long  apiculus  at  each  end,  usually  dark-colored,  yellow  to  olivaceous, 
dark-brown  or  black,  the  compound  spores  often  deeply  constricted  at  the 
septa.  Plants  growing  on  decaying  materials  of  various  kinds,  especially 
on  the  dung  of  animals. 

Perithecia  overtopped  with  a  dense  mass  of  hairs;  paraphyses 

and  asci  evanescent.  Family  1.  Chaetomiaceae 

Perithecia  not  overtopped  with  hairs;  paraphyses  and  asci 

persistent  but  delicate.  Family  2.  Fimetariaceae 

FAMILY  1.  CHAETOMIACEAE 

Perithecia  scattered  or  gregarious,  superficial,  free  or  adnate,  generally 
seated  on  a  superficial  mycelium,  usually  with  an  ostiolum  at  the  apex, 
pale-brown  to  black,  with  a  thin,  membranous  wall,  thickly  clothed  with 
hairs,  the  basal  ones  functioning  as  rhizoids,  the  apical  ones  usually  longer 
and  coarser,  branched  or  simple,  forming  a  tuft.  Paraphyses  evanescent. 
Asci  clavate,  evanescent,  seldom  visible  in  a  mature  specimen.  Spores 
simple,  ellipsoid  or  ovoid  to  subglobose,  more  or  less  compressed,  usually 
more  or  less  apiculate  at  the  ends,  with  a  cup-like  depression  on  one  side 
which  causes  them  to  appear  spindle-shaped  or  narrowly  ellipsoid  in  profile. 
Species  all  saprophytic,  infesting  a  firm  rather  moist  substratum,  such  as 
decaying  parts  of  plants  or  dung  of  animals. 

1.  Chaetomium  Kunze  &  Schmidt,  Myk.  Hefte  1:  15.  1817. 
Ascotricha  Berk.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1;  257.  1838. 

Perithecia  superficial,  usually  with  an  ostiolum,  and  having  an  apical 
tuft  of  hairs  or  bristles  covering  the  exposed  surface  of  the  thin  and 
membranous  wall;  asci  club-shaped,  evanescent;  spores  simple,  hyaline  to 
dark-brown,  more  or  less  compressed. 

Type  species,  Chaetomium  globosum  Kunze. 

Apical  hairs  all  simple. 

Hairs  flexuous. 

Hairs  circinate  or  subcircinate. 

Hairs  circinate  and  not  swollen  at  the  base. 


1.  C.  murorum 


80 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Hairs  not  circinate. 

Hairs  numerous,  olivaceous,  500-1000  mic.  long.  2.  C.  olivaceum 
Hairs  more  or  less  spirally  coiled. 

Hairs  irregularly  and  spirally  twisted  at  the  end,  straight  at  the  base  and 
incrusted.  3.  C.  spirochaete 


Hairs  more  or  less  regularly  coiled  at  the  end  in  4-10  spirals,  pale-brown. 

4.  C.  bostrychodes 

Apical  hairs  all  or  partly  branched. 

Hairs  all  branched. 

Hairs  more  or  less  deeply  incrusted,  700-900  mic.  long.  5.  C.  elatum 


Hairs  branched  and  simple. 

Hairs  smooth  or  slightly  incrusted.  6.  C.  funicola 


1.  Chaetomium  murorum  Corda,  Ic.  Fung.  1:  24.  1837. 

Perithecia  more  or  less  gregarious,  subglobose  or  globose,  with  short, 
papilliform  ostiolum,  *  (sometimes  collapsing,  150-250  mic.  in  diameter), 
dark-brown,  membranous;  apical  hairs  simple,  curved,  (often  1mm.  in 
length),  5  mic.  thick,  septate,  smooth  or  slightly  granular,  subhyaline 
to  dark-brown  or  almost  black,  circinate  at  the  ends;  lateral  hairs  simple, 
bent  upward  at  the  middle,  500  mic.  long,  6  mic.  thick  at  the  base, 
septate,  smooth,  except  the  base,  subulate,  dark-brown  at  the  base  to 
paler  at  the  tip,  less  numerous  than  the  apical;  paraphyses  not  observed; 
asci  broad  clavate,  short-stipitate,  slightly  immature  ones  38-56x11-19 
mic.,  8-spored,  very  evanescent;  spores  irregularly  arranged,  bright 
olive-green,  ellipsoid,  apiculate  at  both  ends,  12-16x7-8  mic. 

Habitat:  On  dead  poplar,  dry  grass,  and  goat  and  rabbit  dung. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Montana;  also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  I,  f.  1-8;  Corda,  Ic.  Fung.  1:  pi.  7,  f.  293,  B;  2:  pi.  13, 
f.  103;  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Leop. -Carol.  42:  pi.  19,  f.  13-20. 

Type  Locality:  Prague,  Bohemia. 

Distinctive  Character:  Circinate  apical  hairs. 

’Notes:  That  part  of  the  description  in  parentheses  is  taken  from  Miss  Palliser. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Feb.  10,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Wm.  Schaeffer, 
near  Wyoming,  Oct.  3,  1914. 


2.  Chaetomium  olivaceum  Cooke  &  Ellis,  Grevillea  6:  96.  1878. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  gregarious,  broadly  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  often 
pointed  at  the  base,  200-305x175-250  mic.,  in  fresh  condition  olivaceous 
but  in  dry  specimens  dark-brown,  opaque,  membranous,  thickly  and 
evenly  clothed  with  slender,  flexuous  hairs;  apical  hairs  simple,  flexuous, 
often  700  mic.  long,  rarely  1000  mic.,  3-4  mic.  thick,  somewhat  coarser 
than  the  others,  sparingly  septate,  minutely  scabrous,  in  fresh  condition 
pale-olivaceous,  in  dry  condition  light-brown;  paraphyses  filiform,  longer 
than  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them;  asci  clavate,  broadly  rounded  above 
and  narrowed  below  into  a  comparatively  slender  stipe,  spore-bearing 
part  35-50x12-15  mic.,  8-spored;  spores  irregularly  crowded  at  the  tip  of 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


81 


the  ascus,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  to  yellow-brown  at  maturity, 
globose-ellipsoid,  slightly  apiculate  at  both  ends,  9-13x8-10  mic. 

Habitat:  On  various  dead  plants,  moist  wood,  rye-straw,  paper, 
pasteboard,  old  broom,  etc. 

Distribution:  Maine  to  Ohio,  Kansas,  and  Texas. 

Illustrations:  PI.  I,  f.  9-11;  Grevillea  6:  pi.  100,  f.  38. 

Type  Locality:  Newfield,  New  Jersey. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Yellow-brown  spores  and  flexuous,  olivace¬ 
ous  hairs  of  uniform  diameter,  changing  to  light-brown  in  drying,  mi¬ 
nutely  scabrous  to  almost  smooth. 

Note:  Plants  collected  by  the  author  on  an  old  broom,  at  Oxford,  Oct.  3,  1913. 

3.  Chaetomium  spirochaete  Palliser,  N.  Amer.  Flora  3:  61.  1910. 

Perithecia  more  or  less  gregarious,  ellipsoid,  250-300x190-230  mic., 

dark-brown,  often  appearing  black,  opaque,  thin,  brittle,  thickly  clothed 
with  hairs;  apical  hairs  simple,  numerous,  often  forming  a  densely  entangled, 
dark,  spherical  mass  800  mic.  in  diameter,  straight  for  about  350  mic. 
from  the  base,  then  becoming  extremely  flexuous  or  irregularly  spirally 
twisted  several  times,  3-5  mic.  thick  at  the  base,  septate,  more  or  less 
thickly  incrusted,  toward  the  end  becoming  paler  and  less  incrusted, 
although  scabrous  throughout  or  becoming  smooth  at  the  tip,  dark-brown; 
basal  and  lateral  hairs  simple,  flexuous,  3  mic.  thick,  sparingly  septate, 
smooth,  pale-brown;  paraphyses  not  observed;  asci  broadly  clavate,  30-52 
xll-15  mic.,  8-spored;  spores  forced  into  a  globular  mass  at  the  tip  of  the 
asci  by  the  growth  of  younger  asci,  hyaline  to  brown,  broadly  limoniformis, 
slightly  apiculate  at  either  end,  7-11x6-9  mic. 

Habitat:  On  moist  decayed  paper,  wheat-straw,  cotton  root  in  a  moist 
chamber,  and  quail  dung. 

Distribution:  New  Jersey  to  Ohio  and  Iowa. 

Illustration:  PI.  I,  f.  12-20. 

Type  Locality:  Ames,  Iowa. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Simple,  incrusted  hairs,  straight  at  the 
base  and  irregularly  and  spirally  twisted  at  the  end. 

Note:  Plants  collected  by  the  author  on  paper  in  a  tub  at  Oxford.  Oct.  4,  1913,  and  on 
wheat-straw  near  Georgetown,  Dec.  3,  1916;  also  grown  in  the  laboratory.  May  19,  1917,  on  quail 
dung  collected  by  the  author  near  Georgetown,  Dec.  28,  1916;  on  potato  hard  agar,  March,  1917, 
several  cultures. 

4.  Chaetomium  bostrychodes  Zopf,  Sitz.-ber.  Bot.  Ver.  Prov.  Brand. 
19:  173.  1878. 

Perithecia  gregarious  or  scattered,  broadly  ovoid  or  subglobose  to 
fusoid,  160-350x145-220  mic.,  light  gray  in  fresh  condition,  brown  when 
dried,  opaque,  thin,  membranous,  covered  with  hairs  having  fine  sandy 
granules  intermixed  at  base;  apical  hairs  simple,  straight  for  260-320  mic., 
then  coiled  4-10  times  in  a  more  or  less  regular  spiral  18-36  mic.  in 
diameter,  extending  305  to  540  mic.  above  the  perithecium,  3-5  mic. 


82 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


wide  at  the  base,  septate,  scabrous  throughout  or  smooth  apically,  pale- 
brown;  lateral  and  basal  hairs  simple,  curved  towards  the  tip  and  tapering, 
about  215x3-5  mic.,  septate,  scabrous  at  the  base,  yellow-brown,  paler  or 
colorless  towards  the  tip,  tips  broken  off  usually  when  old;  paraphyses 
simple,  stout,  not  numerous,  much  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed  with 
them,  septate,  not  so  evanescent  as  the  asci;  asci  clavate,  with  a  stipe  .3 
to  .5  length  of  asci,  small,  35-48x10-14  mic.,  8-spored,  very  evanescent; 
spores  irregularly  arranged,  hyaline  or  pale  olive-green  to  pale  olive-brown, 
broadly  ellipsoid,  almost  globose,  sometimes  slightly  apiculate,  6-7.5x5-6 
mic. 

Habitat:  Dung  of  dogs,  sheep,  chickens,  and  mice,  old  shoes,  pota¬ 
toes,  and  decaying  portions  of  animals. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Louisiana;  also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  I,  f.  21-22  and  pi.  II,  f.  1-8;  Nova  Acta  Acad. 
Leop. -Carol.  42:  pi.  20,  f.  14-26. 

Type  Locality:  Berlin,  Germany. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Small  pale  olive-brown  spores  and  4-10 
regular  spirals  of  the  apical  hairs. 

Notes:  Asci  were  slightly  immature  when  measured,  since  mature  ones  disappear. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Feb.  2,  1917,  on  mice  dung,  collected  by  W.  G.  Stover,  in 
laboratory  of  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Jan.,  1915;  also  June  14,  1917,  on  paper  in  dish  with  cow 
dung  collected  by  Bruce  Fink,  at  Peebles,  Oct.  28,1913;  June  21,  1917,  on  chicken  dung  collected  by 
Chas.  R.  Stevenson,  at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917;  and  June  26,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  the  author 
near  Georgetown,  Dec.  3,  1916. 

5.  Chaetomium  elatum  Kunzef  Schmidt  &  Kunze,  Deuts.  Schwamme 

8:  3.  1818. 

Chaetomium  pannosum  Wallr.  FI.  Crypt.  Germ.  2:  267.  1833. 

Chaetomium  glabrescens  Ellis  &  Ev.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1893:  130.  1893. 

Perithecia  densely  gregarious,  or  scattered  and  simple,  subglobose  or 
ovoid,  or  sometimes  top-shaped,  220-425x190-365  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black, 
opaque,  brittle  and  easily  crushed,  thickly  clothed  with  hairs;  apical  hairs 
often  forming  a  black  spherical  mass  900  mic.  in  diameter,  consisting  of 
rough,  septate,  deeply  incrusted  bristles,  more  or  less  irregularly  or 
dichotomously  branched  at  the  end  usually  2-5  times,  being  widest  generally 
at  the  point  of  branching,  5-9  mic.  wide  there  and  4-7  mic.  at  the  base, 
with  the  terminal  branches  which  are  often  350  mic.  long  before  they  are 
crushed  or  broken  off  abruptly  in  drying,  black  or  dark-brown  and  incrusted 
at  the  base,  tapering  and  gradually  becoming  smooth  and  hyaline  at  the 
tip;  lateral  hairs  few,  simple,  curved,  short,  5  mic.  thick,  septate,  smooth  or 
slightly  incrusted,  hyaline  to  light-brown;  basal  rhizoids  flexuous,  3-4  mic. 
thick,  sparingly  septate,  smooth,  pale  red-brown  to  dark-brown;  paraphyses 
and  asci  not  observed;  spores  hyaline  to  olivaceous-brown,  ellipsoid, 
apiculate  at  both  ends,  9-14x7.5-9  mic. 

Habitat:  On  packing  straw,  maple  log,  Indian  corn,  decaying  cotton¬ 
wood  stick,  barrel  stave,  manure,  straw  hat,  dead  petioles  of  Washingtonia, 
dead  grass,  old  broom,  etc. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


83 


Distribution:  United  States  and  Canada;  also  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  II,  f.  9-12;  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Leop. -Carol.  42:  pi. 
17,  f.  14-26;  pi.  18,  f.  J-Jt;  Grev.  Scot.  Crypt.  FI.  pi.  230. 

Type  Locality:  Germany. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Branched,  rough,  deeply  incrusted,  apical 
bristles. 

Note:  Plants  collected  by  the  author  on  an  old  broom,  at  Oxford,  June  16,  1917. 

6.  Chaetomium  funicola  Cooke,  Grevillea  1:  176.  1873. 

Chaetomium  setosum  Ellis  &  Ey.  Am.  Nat.  31:  340.  1897. 

Chaetomium  bartholomaei  Sacc.  &  Syd.  in  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  14:  490.  1899. 

Mycelium  superficial,  white,  branched,  indistinctly  septate;  perithecia 
scattered  or  gregarious,  broadly  ovoid,  130-200x100-145  mic.,  dark- 
brown,  opaque,  thin,  membranous,  clothed  on  all  sides  with  hairs;  apical 
hairs  of  two  kinds,  simple  and  branched;  simple  hairs  lanceolate,  some¬ 
times  extending  over  300  mic.  above  the  perithecium,  septate,  tapering 
from  the  scabrous,  dark-brown  base  to  the  smooth,  or  slightly  scabrous, 
pale  tip;  branching  hairs  few  in  number  or  forming  a  mass  175  mic. 
above  the  perithecium,  sometimes  straight  and  simple  for  160  mic., 
septate,  usually  scabrous  throughout,  dark-brown  at  the  base  to  pale- 
brown  at  the  tip,  with  numerous  ramifications,  sometimes  regularly 
dichotomous,  more  often  irregularly  branched,  branches  10-20  mic.  long; 
lateral  hairs  simple,  almost  straight,  comparatively  short,  3-4  mic.  wide, 
septate,  tapering  from  the  scabrous,  pale-brown  base  to  the  smooth, 
hyaline  tip;  rhizoids  simple,  flexuous,  slender,  2-5  mic.  thick,  non-septate, 
smooth,  pale-brown;  paraphyses  and  asci  not  observed;  spores  simple,  pale 
olivaceous-brown,  limoniformis,  3-7x3-4.5  mic. 

Habitat:  On  old  broom,  straw,  and  damaged  hay. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Kansas. 

Illustration:  PI.  II,  f.  13-18. 

Type  Locality:  Albany,  New  York. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Small  perithecia,  with  both  simple  and 
branched  hairs. 

Notes:  Mycelium  on  agar  white  at  first,  the  center  becoming  pale-green  to  black,  concentrically 
zoned  with  a  gray  zone  between  the  center  and  the  outside,  the  darker  center  bearing  perithecia  first; 
even  the  light  outside  zone  is  zoned. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  March  23,  1917,  on  potato  hard  agar,  the  culture  made  Feb.  27, 
1917,  from  specimen  on  straw,  collected  by  the  author,  near  Georgetown,  Dec.  3,  1916. 

FAMILY  2.  FIMETARIACEAE. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  aggregated,  superficial  or  deeply  sunken  in 
the  substratum,  and  often  erumpent  at  maturity,  slightly  transparent  to 
black  and  opaque,  with  wall  thin  and  membranous  to  coriaceous,  usually 
without  a  stroma  (true  of  all  genera  contained  in  this  paper),  but,  if  with 
stroma,  the  perithecia  sunken  with  projecting  papilliform  beaks.  Asci 
usually  very  delicate,  surrounded  by  long  paraphyses  or  intermingled  with 


84 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


them.  Spores  simple  or  compound,  surrounded  by  a  hyaline  gelatinous 
envelope  or  ornamented  with  hyaline  gelatinous  apiculi,  usually  dark- 
colored.  Plants  entirely  saprophytic  and  generally  growing  on  dung. 

Spores  simple  (except  Pleurage  zygospor a) . 

Ascus  perforate;  spores  partially  or  entirely  surrounded  by  a  hyaline,  gelatinous 
envelope.  1.  Fimetaria. 

Ascus  not  perforate,  but  opening  by  the  breaking  off  of  the  inelastic,  ascus  apex; 
spores  ornamented  by  secondary,  gelatinous  appendages,  with  or  without  primary  ones. 

2.  Pleurage. 

Spores  compound. 

Spores  2-celled  3.  Delitschia. 

Spores  4-many -celled  4.  Sporormia. 

1.  Fimetaria  Griffiths  &  Seaver. 

Sordana  Ces.  &  De-  Not.  Comm.  Critt.  Ital.  1:  225,  in  part.  1863. 

Perithecia  superficial  or  sunken,  dark  and  opaque,  membranous  or 
coriaceous;  asci  with  an  apical  perforation  and  stretching  at  maturity; 
spores  simple,  usually  dark-brown  and  wholly  or  partially  fugacious 
envelope.  -6^  a* 

Type  species,  Sphaeriafimi cola  Roberge. 

Perithecia  not  hairy  or  bristly. 

Asci  4-spored 
Asci  8-spored 

Spores  obovoid,  acutely  rounded  below. 

Spores  subglobose  or  ellipsoid. 

Spores  subglobose,  small,  5-10x3-7  mic. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  larger,  16-25x11-13  mic. 

Perithecia  hairy  or  bristly. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  not  conspicuously  flattened. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  conspicuously  flattened. 


1.  F.  tetraspora. 


2.  F.  humana. 


3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 


i 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 


minima. 

fimicola. 

pilosa. 

discospora. 


1.  Fimetaria  tetraspora  Sp.  Nov. 

Mycelium  more  or  less  superficial,  white,  sparingly  branched,  septate, 
with  hyphae  2-3  mic.  in  diameter;  perithecia  scattered  or  aggregate, 
sunken,  globose  to  ovate-globose,  with  a  projecting,  papilliform  beak, 
350-440x305-395  mic.,  black,  opaque,  thin,  membranous;  paraphyses  simple, 
stout,  somewhat  ventricose  below  and  tapering  upward,  not  numerous, 
not  mixed  with  the  asci  but  surrounding  all  the  asci  as  a  whole,  equaling 
or  longer  than  the  asci,  septate,  persistent;  asci  cylindrical,  contracted 
below  into  a  straight  or  crooked  stipe,  100-145x13-17.5  mic.,  4-spored, 
evanescent;  spores  1-seriate,  oblique  or  erect,  ranging  from  hyaline  when 
young  through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid,  rounded 
above,  with  aminute  hyaline  apiculus  at  the  lower  end  which  becomes 
brown  and  opaquein  some  spores  making  the  spore  sharp-pointed, 
20-27x13-20  mic.,  with  a  narrow  hyaline  envelope  swelling  but  slightly  in 
water  except  that  of  the  upper  end  of  the  apical  spore  which  becomes 
much  rounded  out. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


85 


Habitat:  Quail  dung  and  on  paper. 

Distribution:  Known  only  from  type  locality  below. 

Illustration:  PI.  Ill,  f.  1-6. 

Type  Locality:  Georgetown,  Ohio. 

Distinctive  Characters:  4-spored  asci  and  hyaline  apiculus  at  the 
lower  end  of  each  spore. 

Note:  Plants  grown  in  the  laboratory.  May  25,  1917,  on  quail  dung,  (also  spreading  over  paper 
in  the  Petri  dish)  collected  by  the  author,  near  Georgetown,  Dec.  28,  1916. 

2.  Fimetaria  humana  ( Fuckel )  Griffiths  &  Seaver,  N.  Amer.  Flora 
3:  67.  1910. 

Sphaeria  humana  Fuckel,  Fungi  Rhen.  No.  1801.  1866. 

Hypocopra  humana  Fuckel,  Symb.  Myc.  241.  1869. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  aggregate  in  solid  clusters,  sunken  or  some¬ 
times  completely  exposed  at  maturity,  pyriform  with  a  papilliform  to 
cylindric  beak,  365-450x230-310  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black,  thin, 
membranous;  paraphyses  simple,  ventricose,  longer  than  the  asci  and  not 
much  mixed  with  them,  septate,  evanescent;  asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded 
to  truncate  above  and  tapering  below  into  a  short,  blunt  stipe,  (160- 
200?  mic., ^17-19  mic.  Griffiths),  8-spored,  somewhat  persistent;  spores 
obliquely  1-seriate,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous 
to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  obovoid,  broadly  rounded  above  and  acutely 
so  below,  18-23x12-17  mic.,  with  a  hyaline  envelope  covering  the  entire 
spore  except  the  circular  germ- pore  at  the  lower  end  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  human  dung,  and  on  dung  of  dogs,  cows,  goats,  pigs, 
and  hogs. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  and  Louisiana;  also 
in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  Ill,  f.  7-11;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  3,  f.  16-18; 
pi.  4,  f.  14-16. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Dark  smooth  pyriform  perithecia  and 
obovoid  spores. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  March  14,  1917,  on  hog  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R. 
Stevenson,  at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

3.  Fimetaria  minima  ( Sacc .  &  Speg. )  Griffiths  &  Seaver,  N.  Amer.  Flora 
3:  66.  1910. 

Sordaria  minima  Sacc.  &  Speg.;  Sacc.  Michelia  1:  373.  1878. 

Hypocopra  minima  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  1:  244.  1882. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  aggregate  in  clusters,  superficial  or  more  often 
with  sunken  base,  pyriform  to  conic  or  globose  with  a  papilliform  to  blunt 
and  truncate  beak,  145-290x145-225  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black,  thin, 
membranous,  with  cellular  structure  usually  invisible,  covered  on  exposed 
portions  with  minute  papillae  or  with  aciculae  and  on  the  base  with 


86 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


branched,  smooth,  flexuous,  septate,  brown  hairs,  3  mic.  thick;  paraphyses 
simple  or  sometimes  branched  or  lobed  at  the  tip,  filiform  but  wide  in 
comparison  with  the  asci,  old  ones  shriveling  to  half  their  original  width 
and  entwining  about  one  another,  equal  to  asci  or  slightly  longer,  septate; 
asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded  to  truncate  above,  slightly  contracted  below 
into  a  short  blunt  stipe,  50-90x5-9  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent;  spores  1- 
seriate,  prominently  2-guttulate  when  young  becoming  indistinctly  so  or 
homogeneous  with  age,  hyaline  when  young,  varying  through  olivaceous  to 
dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid  to  subglobose,  5-10x3-7  mic.,  surrounded 
by  a  hyaline  fugacious  envelope. 

Habitat:  Paper,  dung  of  cows,  goats,  and  horses. 

Distribution:  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  and  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  Ill,  f.  12-19;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  PI.  3,  f.  25-27; 
Sacc.  Fungi  Ital.pl.  617. 

Type  Locality:  Italy. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Small  black  papillate  perithecia  and  small 
2-guttulate  spores. 

Notes:  Griffiths  &  Seaver  give  150-180x100-150  mic.  as  size  of  the  perithecia. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory.  Jan.  12,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  Bruce  Fink  and 
Robert  Gordon,  near  Eaton,  April  10,  1914;  also  June  21,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  the  author, 
near  Georgetown,  Sept.  14,  1914. 

4.  Fimetaria  fimicola  ( Roberge )  Griffiths  &  Seaver,  N.  Amer.  Flora 
3:  66.  1910. 

Sphaeria  fimicola  Roberge;  Desmaz.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  III.  11:  353.  1849. 

Sordaria  fimicola  Ces.  and  De-Not.  Comm.  Critt.  Ital.  1:  226.  1863. 

Mycelium  superficial  and  within  the  substratum,  large  hyphae,  light- 
brown  to  dark-brown,  small  hyphae  light  colored,  superficial  mycelium 
arising  from  large  hyphae  that  grow  along  the  surface  of  the  substratum, 
branched  and  septate;  perithecia  scattered,  or  aggregate  into  a  layer  which 
forms  a  complete  covering  for  the  substratum,  usually  sunken  at  first 
and  erumpent  later,  or  superficial  from  the  first,  pyriform  with  papilliform 
or  slightly  elongate  black  beak,  335-525x190-365  mic.,  light-brown  or 
black,  opaque,  thin,  membranous  and  brittle,  with  cellular  structure 
usually  plainly  visible,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened  on  the  beak  with  mi¬ 
nute  papillae,  mycelium  covering  a  large  portion  of  the  perithecium;  para¬ 
physes  simple,  ventricose,  not  numerous,  longer  than  the  asci,  septate, 
not  persistent;  asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded  to  truncate,  perforate  at 
the  apex  and  tapering  below  into  a  slender  stipe,  140-225x15-20  mic., 
8-spored,  opening  by  apical  pore,  rather  persistent;  spores  obliquely  1-ser- 
iate,  varying  in  color  from  hyaline  through  light-yellow,  yellow-green, 
olive-green  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  but 
more  acutely  so  below,  16-25x11-13  mic.,  with  germ-pore,  apical,  cir¬ 
cular  and  situated  in  the  lower  more  acutely  rounded  end  of  the  spore, 
the  hyaline  envelope  not  surrounding  the  entire  spore  but  having  its  edges 
attached  around  the  germ-pore,  which  it  does  not  inclose  on  stretching. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


87 


Habitat:  Dung  of  horses,  cows,  goats,  rabbits,  sheep,  and  deer;  also 
on  old  paper. 

Distribution:  Vermont  to  Ohio  and  Oregon,  southward  to  Alabama 
and  Arizona;  also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  IV,  f.  1-6;  pi.  V,  f.  1-3;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  3, 
f.  19-21;  pi.  4,  f.  8-10. 

Type  Locality:  France. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Dark,  pyriform,  smooth  perithecia  and 
ellipsoid  spores. 

Note:  Plants  collected  by  the  author  on  an  old  broom,  at  Oxford,  Nov  11,  1916;  also  cultivated 
in  the  laboratory  Feb.  24,  1917,  on  horse  and  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Chas.  P.  Fox  at  Mt.  Peace,  near 
Akron.  Oct.  5,  1914;  Feb.  27,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  Fred  Brater,  Sept.  28,  1914;  March  5,  1917, 
on  potato  hard  agar,  specimen  maturing  in  9  days.  Several  cultures  were  grown  but  only  one  was 
timed. 

5.  Fimetaria  pilosa  sp.  nov. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  gregarious,  superficial,  globose  to  pyriform 
with  a  papilliform,  black,  hairy  beak,  175-320x145-250  mic.,  dark-brown 
to  black  and  opaque,  thin,  membranous,  with  exposed  surface  covered  by 
light-brown,  septate  hairs  or  bristles;  paraphyses  simple,  filiform,  numerous, 
equaling  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them;  asci  cylindric,  rounded  above  and 
contracted  below  into  a  short,  blunt  stipe,  70-85x7-10  mic.,  8-spored; 
spores  1-seriate,  brown,  ellipsoid,  10-12x6-7  mic.,  surrounded  by  a  narrow, 
hyaline,  evanescent  envelope. 

Habitat:  On  rabbit  dung. 

Distribution:  Ohio. 

Illustration:  PI.  IV,  f.  7,  8. 

Type  Locality:  Buckeye  Lake,  Ohio. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Hairy  perithecia  and  size  of  spores. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  laboratory,  June  20,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  W.  G.  Stover, 
Buckeye  Lake,  Sept.  27,  1914. 

6.  Fimetaria  discospora  (Auersw.)  Griffiths  &  Seaver.  N.  Amer. 

Flora  3:  68.  1910. 

Sordaria  discospora  Auersw.;  Niessl,  Verh.  Nat.  Ver.  Brunn.  10- :  192.  1872. 

Hypocopra  discospora  Fuckel,  Jahrb.  Nass.  Ver.  Nat.  27-28:  43.  1873. 

Perithecia  scattered,  superficial  or  sunken,  subglobose  to  pyriform 
with  a  truncate,  conical  beak,  250-425x190-290  mic.,  dark-brown  to 
black  and  opaque,  thin,  membranous  to  coriaceous,  having  exposed  por¬ 
tions  covered  with  short,  erect,  hyaline  to  dark-brown  or  black,  non-sep- 
tate  hairs;  paraphyses  simple,  filiform,  not  numerous,  usually  longer  than 
the  asci,  3  mic.  wide,  septate,  quite  persistent;  asci  cylindric,  broadly 
rounded  to  truncate  and  perforate  above,  and  contracted  below  into  a  short, 
blunt  stipe,  90-130x8-10  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent;  spores  usually 
obliquely  1-seriate  in  part,  simple,  varying  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  olivaceous  to  brown,  flattened,  subcircular  to  broadly  elliptic  in 
one  view,  and  narrowly  elliptic  in  the  other,  10-15x7-9  mic.  side  view, 


88 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


or  5  mic.  wide  edge  view,  with  a  germ-pore  extending  nearly  the  entire 
length  of  the  spore,  and  a  hyaline  envelope  prominent  when  spores  have 
been  removed  from  the  ascus,  and  quite  persistent. 

Habitat:  American  specimens  on  dung  of  horses  and  cows;  type  on 
dung  of  hare. 

Distribution:  Rhode  Island  to  Ohio,  Montana,  Kansas,  and  Missis¬ 
sippi;  also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  IV,  f.  9-16;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  3,  f.  4-8; 
Grevillea  6:  pi.  94,  f.  2. 

Type  Locality:  Leipzig,  Germany. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Bristly  hairs  of  the  perithecia  and  com¬ 
paratively  large  spores. 

Notes:  Griffiths  and  Seaver  give  perithecia  270x220  mic.,  asci  75-130x13-21  mic.,  and  spores 
10-18x8-11  mic. 

Plants  grown  in  the  laboratory,  Feb.  7,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  the  author  at  Oxford, 
Nov.  2,  1913. 

2.  Pleurage  Fries,  Summa  Veg.  Scand.  418.  1849. 

Schizothecium  Corda,  Ic.  Fung.  2:  29.  1838.  Not  Schizotheca  Ehrenb.  1832. 

Perithecia  superficial  or  sunken,  membranous  or  coriaceous;  paraphyses 
ventricose  or  filiform-tubular,  usually  longer  than  the  asci  and  agglutinate; 
asci  without  an  apical  perforation,  stretching  at  maturity;  spores  ellipsoid, 
with  or  without  primary  appendages,  but  always  having  attached  to  them 
at  maturity  two  or  more  hyaline,  gelatinous,  secondary  appendages  of 
variable  length. 

Type  species,  Schizothecium  fimicola  Corda. 

Asci  4-spored. 

Primary  appendages  of  spores  reduced  to  a  small  triangular  apiculus. 

1.  P.  taenioides. 

Primary  appendages  of  spores  elongate  and  cylindric.  2.  P.  anserina. 

Asci  8-spored. 

Primary  spore-appendages  present. 

Perithecia  hairy  above  the  substratum. 

Beak  hairy. 

Hairs  agglutinate  and  consisting  of  bunches  of  irregular  cells. 
Spores  2-seriate.  3.  P.  conica. 

Hairs  short,  scattered  or  in  tufts. 

Hairs  scattered. 

Hairs  bristly,  light-brown,  tipped  with  a  colorless  cell. 

4.  P.  amphicornis. 

Hairs  not  bristly,  hyaline  throughout.  5.  P.  hyalopilosa. 

Hairs  in  tufts.  6.  P.  immersa. 

Beak  naked,  black. 

Spores  consisting  of  a  fertile  cell  at  each  end  of  a  long,  hyaline 
filament.  7.  P.  zygospora. 

Spores  simple  with  usually  four  gelatinous  appendages  at  each  end. 

8.  P.  vestita. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


89 


Spores  completely  covered  by  sec- 

9.  P.  longicaudata. 

10.  P.  multicaudata. 


11.  P.  dakotensis. 


Perithecia  naked  above  the  substratum, 
ondary  appendages. 

Primary  spore-appendages  absent.  Spores  2-seriate. 

Asci  more  than  8-spored. 

Perithecia  hairy  above  the  substratum. 

Hairs  short,  forming  tufts  of  irregular  cells. 

Hairs  long  and  single. 

Hairs  straight  and  more  or  less  clustered. 

Hairs  flexuous  and  similar  to  the  mycelium. 

Perithecia  naked  above  the  substratum.  Secondary  spore-appendages  easily 
distinguishable  at  maturity.  \14.  P.  pleiosbora - - - ^ 

1.  Pleurage  taenioides  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  58.  1901. 

Sordaria  taenioides  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  17:  602.  1905. 


12.  P.  curvicolla. 

13.  P.  collapsa. 


Perithecia  scattered,  half-sunken,  globose  to  pyriform-conic  with  a 
long,  cylindric,  curved  or  twisted,  black  beak,  845-935x435-630  mic., 
slightly  olivaceous  when  young,  but  becoming  dark-brown  to  black, 
transparent  when  young,  showing  spores  in  the  asci,  becoming  opaque, 
membranous  to  slightly  coriaceous  at  maturity,  covered  uniformly  on  all 
exposed  portions  by  simple,  straight,  septate,  smooth,  brown,  hyaline- 
tipped,  fugacious  hairs  of  2-4-cells,  25-40x3-4  mic;  paraphyses  simple, 
filiform,  tapering  upward,  numerous,  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed  with 
them,  septate,  evanescent;  asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded  above  and 
contracted  below  into  a  long,  slender,  crooked  stipe  342x37.5  mic., 
4-spored,  evanescent;  spores  1-seriate,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  pale-yellow,  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  long  ellipsoid 
to  ovoid,  acutely  rounded  below,  30-60x22-28  mic.,  with  the  primary 
appendage  reduced  to  a  minute,  hyaline  or  often  slightly  colored  apiculus 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  spore  and  with  secondary  gelatinous  appendages, 
the  lower  one  being  very  long,  attached  apically  to  the  spore,  inclosing 
the  minute  apiculus,  easily  resolved  into  two  closely  united  portions 
which  appear  to  lose  their  individuality  distally  and  which  at  first  are 
thrown  into  convolutions  at  the  base  resembling  segments  of  the  tape¬ 
worm,  these  disappearing  when  it  elongates,  the  upper  appendage  being 
slightly  smaller  than  the  lower,  eccentrically  attached  and  also  having 
convolutions  at  first. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  rabbits,  burros,  dogs,  and  sheep. 

Distribution:  Rhode  Island  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Arizona,  and 
Alabama. 

Illustrations:  PI.  V,  f.  4-8;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  6,  f.  1-3. 

Type  Locality:  New  York  City. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Large  spores,  minute  apiculum,  and  long 
convoluted  appendages  at  maturing  time. 

Notes:  From  the  material  at  hand,  the  author  was  able  to  measure  only  one  ascus  accurately 
and  a  few  perithecia,  in  most  of  which  the  asci  had  disappeared. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  19,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Wm.  A.  Stratton, 
at  Sardinia,  Dec.  29,  1916. 


2  O  B  S 


90 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


2.  Pleurage  anserina  (Os.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Plant.  3  ' :  504.  1898. 

Sphaeria  anserina  Ces.*,  Rab.  Hedwigia  1:  116,  as  synonym.  1857. 

Malinvernia  anserina  Rab.  Hedwigia  1: 116.  1857. 

Mycelium  superficial,  hyaline  to  brown,  branched,  septate;  perithecia 
scattered  uniformly  or  aggregate,  usually  half-sunken  but  often  entirely 
superficial,  pyriform,  with  beak  papilliform  or  slightly  cylindric  and  usually 
curved,  500-730x190-380  mic.,  black  above  with  a  tinge  of  green  below 
due  to  young  spores,  opaque,  thin,  membranous,  smooth  except  portions  of 
the  beak  which  bear  tufts  of  hairs  which  are  simple,  straight,  140-290x3-4 
mic.,  sparingly  septate,  smooth,  light-brown  to  pale  towards  the  tip, 
persistent;  paraphyses  simple,  filiform  or  slightly  ventricose  below, 
decreasing  in  diameter  upward,  numerous,  1.5-2  times  the  length  of  the 
asci,  septate,  indistinct  at  time  spores  are  mature;  asci  cylindric,  slightly 
contracted  and  rounded  above,  and  contracted  below  into  a  long,  slender, 
often  crooked  stipe,  175-305x22-30  mic.,  4-spored,  opening  by  a  cap-like 
lid,  quite  persistent;  spores  generally  obliquely  1-seriate,  ranging  from 
hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid, 
27.5-40x15-17.5  mic.,  terminated  below  by  a  short  hyaline  primary 
appendage  1-1.5  times  the  length  of  the  spore,  this  as  well  as  the  apex  of 
the  spore  terminated  by  a  long  lash-like,  gelatinous  appendage  of  variable 
length,  which  by  proper  illumination  can  be  resolved  into  2  closely  united 
strands  which  gradually  merge  into  one  another  distally,  primary  append¬ 
age  persisting  longer  than  secondary  appendages,  often  found  on  mature 
spores. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  sheep,  rabbits,  and  dogs;  also 
on  old  pasteboard  and  Chinese  mats. 

Distribution:  Vermont  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  and  New  Mexico;  also 
in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  VI,  f.  1-10;  Hedwigia  1:  pi.  15,  f.  4;  Mem.  Torrey 
Club  11:  pi.  5,  f.  4-6. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Dorsal  tufts  of  long  hairs  and  4-spored 

asci. 

Notes:  Griffiths  and  Seaver  give  perithecia  400-500x300-350  mic.,  asci  200-400x17-22  mic. 
and  spores  34-42x18-20  mic 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Feb.  10,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Wm.  Schaeffer, 
near  Wyoming,  Oct  3,  1914;  also  June  13,  1917.  on  cow  dung  collected  by  the  author,  near  Georgetown, 
Sept.  7,  19 14;  on  potato  hard  agar  from  March  21.  to  April  2,  1917,  maturing  in  12  days  or  less. 

3.  Pleurage  conica  ( Fuckel )  Griffiths  &  Seaver,  N.  Amer.  Flora 

3:  72.  1910. 

Sordaria  curvula  De  Bary,  Morph,  Phys.  Pilze  209,  hyponym.  1866. 

Cercophora  conica  Fuckel,  Symb,  Myc.  245.  1869. 

Perithecia  scattered,  with  base  slightly  sunken,  pyriform-conic  with  a 
short,  black,  conical,  papilliform  beak  containing  a  prominent  ostiolum, 
450-875x190-410  mic.,  hyaline  to  light-brown,  transparent,  thin,  mem- 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


91 


branous,  cellular  structure  being  plainly  visible,  with  exposed  portions 
more  or  less  covered  with  bunches  of  agglutinate,  obliquely  septate,  hya¬ 
line  to  light-brown,  constricted  hairs  which  are  more  or  less  prominent 
around  the  beak,  but  diminish  in  size  and  prominence  downward;  para- 
physes  ventricose,  agglutinate,  longer  than  the  asci  and  not  much  mixed 
with  them;  asci  clavate,  contracted  above  and  tapering  below  into  a  mod¬ 
erately  long,  slender,  straight  or  crooked  stipe,  175-245x25-32.5  mic., 
8  spored,  evanescent;  spores  2-seriate,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid  to  ovoid,  19-23x10- 
15  mic.,  with  a  cylindric,  straight  or  curved  primary  appendage,  .5  to  .7 
the  length  of  the  spore,  which  as  well  as  the  apex  of  the  spore  is  tipped 
with  a  long,  lash-like,  gelatinous,  secondary  appendage,  varying  in  length 
with  the  stage  of  development,  the  upper  being  excentrically  placed  and 
both  being  made  up  of  2  closely  united  filaments  which  are  plainly  dis¬ 
tinguishable  proximally  but  which  appear  to  fuse  together  distally. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  goats,  sheep,  pigs,  and  rabbits. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  Montana,  Arizona,  and  Alabama; 
also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PL  VII,  f.  1-5;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  7,  f.  1-6. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Agglutinated  hairs  of  perithecia  and 
2-seriate  arrangement  of  spores. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  April  2,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R. 
Stevenson,  at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

4.  Pleurage  amphicornis  {Ellis)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Plant.  3 '' :  505. 
1898. 

Sphaeria  amphicornis  Ellis,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  6:  109.  1876. 

Sphaeria  eximia  Peck,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  28:  78.  1876. 

Perithecia  scattered,  or  sometimes  in  rows  of  3  to  5,  superficial  or 
with  base  slightly  sunken,  ovoid  to  ovoid-conic  with  a  short,  flat, 
papilliform,  black  ostiolum,  670-830x510-670  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black, 
membranous  to  coriaceous,  with  thick,  pale-brown,  somewhat  transparent 
wall,  cell-walls  showing  as  white  lines  over  the  surface  which  is  covered 
sparingly  with  simple,  straight,  septate,  smooth,  pale-brown,  hyaline- 
tipped,  persistent  hairs  25-130x3-4  mic.,  composed  of  2-8  cells,  apical 
one  hyaline;  rhizoids  simple  or  branched,  almost  straight,  3-5  mic.  thick, 
sparingly  septate,  smooth,  pale-brown;  paraphyses  usually  simple,  filiform, 
numerous,  about  equaling  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them,  septate, 
shriveling  up  and  disappearing  at  maturity  of  the  spores;  asci  clavate, 
contracted  and  rounded  above,  and  tapering  below  into  a  short,  usually 
crooked,  stipe-like  base,  200-300x30-40  mic.,  8-spored,  rather  persistent; 
spores  2-seriate,  4  and  4  or  5  and  3,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  olivaceous-brown  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid,  somewhat 


92 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


sharply  rounded  at  the  ends,  23-33x14-18  mic.,  with  a  straight,  cylindric 
primary  appendage,  about  .3  to  .7  as  long  as  the  spore  and  with  long, 
lash-like  gelatinous  secondary  appendages  attached  to  the  apex  of  the 
spore  and  the  tip  of  the  primary  appendage,  and  composed  of  2  closely 
united  filaments  which  soon  disappear  after  maturity  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  rabbit  dung. 

Distribution:  Ontario  to  New  Jersey  and  Ohio. 

Illustrations:  PI.  VII,  f.  6-8  and  pi.  VIII,  f.  1-4;  Ann.  Rep.  N.Y. 
State  Mus.  28:  pi.  2,  f.  14-17;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  7,  f.  11-13. 

Type  Locality:  Newfield,  New  Jersey. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Hairy  superficial  perithecium^small  papil¬ 
liform  beak  and  spore  appendages. 

Notes:  Griffiths  gives  450-600x350-400  mic..  for  the  size  of  the  perithecia.  My  measurements 
were  taken  without  cover-glass  and  represent  the  actual  size  of  the  plants  found. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  15,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung,  collected  by  Chas.  R. 
Stevenson,  at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

5.  Pleurage  hyalopilosa  sp.  nov. 

Perithecia  scattered,  superficial  or  slightly  sunken,  pyriform  with  a 
short,  straight  or  curved,  black  beak,  466-760x350-480  mic.,  somewhat 
pale  olive-green  below  when  young,  becoming  light-brown  or  dark-brown, 
transparent,  thin,  membranous,  with  beak  and  exposed  portions  covered 
with  simple,  smooth,  indistinctly  septate,  hyaline  hairs,  evenly  scattered 
or  in  tufts;  paraphyses  ventricose,  septate,  not  mixed  with  asci;  asci 
clavate-cylindric,  rounded  above  and  narrowed  below  into  a  long,  crooked 
stipe,  slightly  immature  ones  155-275x17.5-28  mic.,  expanding'  at 
maturity  to  55-65  mic.  wide,  8-spored;  spores  2-seriate,  ranging  from 
hyaline  when^tlirough  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid, 
19-33x14-20  mic.,  terminated  below  with  a  cylindric  primary  appendage 
usually  as  long  or  longer  than  the  spore  and  which  is  tipped  with  a  long, 
lash-like,  gelatinous  secondary  appendage  composed  of  2  closely  united 
filaments  which  become  indistinguishable  distally,  while  attached  to  the 
apex  of  the  spore  are  2-4  gelatinous  appendages  which  seem  to  fuse 
together  distally. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses  and  cows. 

Distribution:  Ohio. 

Illustration:  PI.  VIII,  f.  5-9;  pi.  IX,  f.  1-4. 

Type  Locality:  Oxford,  Ohio. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Hyaline  hairs  covering  exposed  parts  of  the 
perithecia,  and  the  spore  appendages. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Jan.  27,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Bruce 
Fink,  at  Mason,  Aug.  10,  1914,  and  July  5,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  the  author,  at  Oxford, 
Oct.  22,  1914. 

Pleurage  immersa  sp.  nov. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken,  pyriform  with  a  short,  black,  cylindric 
or  conic,  projecting  beak,  730-890x380-585  mic.,  pale-brown,  transparent, 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


93 


spores  and  asci  being  visible  through  the  wall,  thin,  membranous,  with  a 
few  bunches  of  straight,  light  brown,  sparingly  septate  hairs,  about 
75x2-3  mic.,  on  the  beak;  paraphyses  simple,  ventricose,  numerous,  longer 
than  the  asci  and  not  mixed  with  them,  septate,  evanescent;  asci  clavate, 
rounded  and  contracted  above,  and  narrowed  below  into  a  short  stipe, 
about  325x62.5-87.5  mic.  expanded  or  262-315x40-57  mic.  contracted, 
8-spored,  evanescent;  spores  2-seriate,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ovoid  to  oblong  ellipsoid, 
30-55x19-25  mic.,  with  a  long,  cylindric,  usually  curved  primary 
appendage  below  and  with  secondary  appendages  covering  the  entire 
surface  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  cow  dung. 

Distribution:  Ohio. 

Illustration:  PI.  IX.,  f.  5-8. 

Type  Locality:  Near  Georgetown,  Ohio. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Long  curved  primary  appendages  and 
secondary  appendages  covering  only  the  entire  surface  of  the  spore  proper. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  27,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  the  author, 
near  Georgetown,  Sept.  7,  1914. 

7.  Pleurage  zygospora  ( Speg .)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Plant.  3s:  505. 

1898. 

Sordaria  zygospora  Speg.  Michelia  1:  227.  1878. 

Philocopra  zygospora  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  1:  251.  1882. 

Mycelium  more  or  less  superficial,  pale-brown,  (dingy  white  to  the 
naked  eye)  branched,  septate,  with  hyphae  3  mic.  in  diameter;  with  hvphae 
3 --mic.  in  diameter-?  perithecia  scattered,  sunken  or  nearly  superficial, 
pyriform  with  a  more  or  less  elongate,  cylindric,  black,  bare  and  curved 
beak,  685-1080x465-730  mic.,  slightly  green  to  brown  below  and  black 
above,  somewhat  transparent,  thin,  membranous,  covered  below  with  an 
arachnoid  mycelium;  paraphyses  simple,  ventricose,  tapering  upward, 
rather  numerous,  longer  than  the  asci  and  not  mixed  with  them,  septate, 
agglutinate;  asci  clavate,  broadly  rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into 
a  long,  slender,  crooked  stipe,  250-365x35-60  mic.,  4  to  8-spored,  very 
evanescent;  spores  2-seriate  to  irregular,  consisting  of  an  ellipsoid  to  ovoid 
fertile  cell,  usually  rounded  at  both  ends,  but  more  acutely  so  distally,  at 
each  end  of  a  long,  spirally  arranged  hyaline  to  brown,  fugacious  filament 
which  corresponds  to  the  primary  appendage  in  the  other  species,  with 
terminal  fertile  cells  19-45x10-23  mic.,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young 
through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque  and  which  have  secondary 
appendages  consisting  of  usually  4,  rather  short,  tapering,  hyaline, 
gelatinous,  widespread  processes  attached  to  the  distal  ends  of  the  fertile 
cells  and  sometimes  to  both  ends. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  goats,  sheep,  and  pigs. 


94 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  and 
Louisiana;  also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PL  X,  f.  1-5;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.,  9.  f.,  1-4. 

Type  Locality:  Italy. 

Distinctive  Character:  Spores  consisting  of  a  fertile  cell  at  each 
end  of  a  long  twisted  filament. 

Notes:  The  smaller  dimensions  given  for  the  asci  represent  measurements  taken  from  slightly 
immature  ones  while  the  larger  dimensions  were  from  mature  swollen  forms.  This  species  is  very 
variable.  Occasionally  fertile  cells  were  found  which  were  very  narrow  and  oval  in  outline.  Some¬ 
times  only  one  fertile  cell  is  developed,  in  which  case  it  is  very  large  and  irregular  in  shape.  Some 
spores  were  found  in  which  the  entire  filament  joining  the  ferule  cells  had  been  transformed  into  a 
brown  solid  structure  resembling  that  of  the  spore  proper  Occasionally  spores  were  found  with 
many  secondary  appendages  covering  the  entire  distal  half  of  the  fertile  cells. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Feb.  1,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  Fred  Brater,  at 
Summit,  near  Cincinnati,  Sept.  28,  1914,  and  June  22,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  the  author 
near  McGonigles,  Oct.  13,  1916. 

8.  Pleurage  vestita  ( Zopf)  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  76.  1901. 

Sordaria  vestita  Zopf,  Zeits.  Naturw.  56:  556.  1883. 

Podospora  vestita  Wint.  in  Rab.  Krypt.  FI.  I2:  176.  1887. 

Perithecia  scattered,  usually  more  or  less  sunken,  but  often  quite 
superficial,  pyriform  with  a  black,  bare,  curved  or  straight,  cylindric  beak, 
525-700x350-440  mic.,  black  above  but  light-green  below,  especially  in 
the  sunken  portions  which  are  so  transparent  that  the  asci  and  spores  can 
be  seen  rather  distinctly,  thin,  membranous,  usually  with  a  dense  growth 
of  branched,  septate,  light-brown  mycelium,  composed  of  hyphae  2  mic.  in 
diameter  and  covering  the  perithecia  up  to  the  beak;  paraphyses  simple, 
ventricose,  soon  shriveling,  longer  than  the  asci,  evanescent;  asci  clavate, 
contracted  and  rounded  above  and  tapering  below  into  a  medium-sized, 
straight  or  crooked  pedicel,  275-375x60-80  mic.  expanded,  or  185-240x27- 
.5-45  mic.  not  expanded,  8-spored,  evanescent;  spores  2-seriate,  4  and  4 
or  5  and  3,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous  to  dark- 
brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid  to  ovoid,  25-40x15-25  mic.,  with  a  cylindric 
primary  appendage  below  as  long  as  the  spore  or  slightly  longer,  which  is 
tipped  with  from  1  to  4,  usually  4,  long,  gelatinous  appendages  similar  to 
the  4  found  at  the  apex  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  sheep,  rabbits,  and  pigs;  also  on 
wheat-straw  and  dead  culms  of  Eleocharis. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  Oregon,  Arizona,  and  Louisiana; 
also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  X,  f.  6-7  and  pi.  XI,  f.  1-6;  Mem.  Torrey  Club 
11:  pi.  9,  f.  5-8. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Light-brown  mycelium  and  the  4  gelatinous 
secondary  spore  appendages  at  both  the  apex  of  each  spore  and  the  tip  of 
its  primary  appendage. 

Note:  Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Dec.  16,  1916,  on  horse  dung,  collected  by  Bruce 
Fink,  at  Mason,  Aug.  10,  1914;  Jan.  20,  1917,  on  wheat-straw  collected  by  the  author,  near  Georgetown, 
Dec.  3,  1916;  and  May  1,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson,  at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


95 


9.  Pleurage  longicaudata  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  81.  1901. 
Sordaria  longicaudata  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  17:  601.  1905. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken,  but  becoming  half-exposed  in  time, 
globose  to  pyriform  with  a  short  cylindric,  black,  bare  beak, 

640-960x395-480  mic.,  slightly  green  and  transparent  below  when 

young,  but  finally  becoming  black  and  opaque,  thin,  membranous; 
paraphyses  simple,  tubular-ventricose,  irregular,  tapering  upward,  rather 
numerous,  slightly  longer  than  the  asci,  septate,  soon  shriveling  and 
disappearing  with  age;  asci  clavate,  straight  or  curved,  contracted  and 
rounded  above,  and  tapering  below  into  a  long,  narrow  stipe, 

365-435x45-85  mic.  expanded,  or  about  250-300x38-45  mic.  contracted, 
usually  8-spored,  sometimes  4-spored,  evanescent;  spores  2-seriate  when  8 
or  1-seriate  when  4,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous 
or  pale-brown  to  dark  brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  but 
usually  more  acutely  so  above,  27.5-46x15-30  mic.,  with  pestle-shaped  or 
cylindric  primary  appendages,  usually  equalling  the  spore  in  length  and 
with  secondary  appendages  attached  to  the  tip  of  the  primary  and  covering 
the  entire  spore,  being  shortest  around  the  equator  and  increasing  in  length 
toward  the  ends  where  they  may  appear  to  become  united  into  a  fugacious? 
hyaline,  gelatinous,  striate-frayed  filament,  but  usually  at  the  upper  end 
there  are  4  or  more  separate  appendages  much  longer  than  the  lateral 
ones. 

Habitat:  On  cow  dung. 

Distribution:  Ohio  to  Kansas,  Texas,  and  Alabama. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XI,  f.  7-9  and  pi.  XII,  f.  1-3;  Mem.  Torrey  Club 
11:  pi.  8,  f.  9-11. 

Type  Locality:  Rooks  County,  Kansas. 

Distinctive  Character:  The  spore  appendages. 

Notes:  There  seems  to  be  considerable  variance  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  spores.  A  few 
spores  were  found  which  were  almost  globose  in  shape.  The  author  was  unable  to  obtain  spores 
outside  of  the  asci  which  had  the  apical  appendages  in  perfect  condition  These  were  observed 
largely  in  the  asci.  It  was  thought  that  the  striations  were  due  to  the  crushing  together  of  the 
secondary  appendages  into  a  single  appendage  apparently. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  23,  1917,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  Bruce  Fink  and 
Robert  Gordon,  at  Eaton,  April  10,  1914. 

10.  Pleurage  multicaudata  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  85.  1901. 
Sordaria  multicaudata  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  17:  603.  1905. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken  with  only  the  beak  projecting,  or  super¬ 
ficial,  pyriform  to  globular  with  a  papilliform  to  cylindric,  black,  straight 
or  curved  beak  670-875x465-730  mic.,  dark-brown  or  black  and  opaque, 
slightly  coriaceous,  with  the  beak  covered  on  all  sides,  or  if  curved  only 
on  the  convex  side,  with  bunches  of  straight,  dark-brown,  sparingly 
septate  hairs  of  various  lengths,  reaching  875  mic.,  and  with  the  lower 
portion  uniformly  clothed  with  long,  flexuous,  branched,  brown,  septate, 
rhizoid-like  hairs;  paraphyses  simple,  wide,  tubular-ventricose,  equaling 


96 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


the  asci  and  not  mixed  with  them,  septate,  not  persistent;  asci  clavate, 
straight  or  curved,  contracted  and  rounded  above  and  tapering  below  into 
a  long,  narrow,  crooked  stipe,  275-350x42-65  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent; 
spores  2-seriate,  4  and  4  or  5  and  3,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through 
olivaceous  or  yellow-brown  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid  to  oblong, 
rounded  at  both  ends  40-50x19-23  mic.,  without  primary  appendages,  but 
with  secondary  appendages  forming  short,  gelatinous,  very  fugacious, 
hyaline  projections  covering  the  entire  spore  and  being  longest  at  the  ends 
of  the  spore  but  never  reaching  a  length  equal  to  it. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses  and  cows. 

Distribution:  Ohio  to  South  Dakota  and  Mississippi. 

_ _ ^Illustrations:  PI.  XII,  f.  4-9;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  6,  f.  7-9. 

Type  Locality:  Highmore,  South  Dakota. 

Distinctive  Characters:  The  tufts  of  hair  on  the  beaks  of  the  peri- 
thecia  and  the  beautiful,  large,  ellipsoid  spores  covered  with  short 
appendages  at  maturity. 

Notes:  In  one  case  a  tuft  of  hair  rising  from  the  base  of  the  beak  was  1550  mic.  long,  becom¬ 
ing  a  single  hair  for  the  last  475  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  21,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  the  author,  near 
Georgetown,  Sept.  14,  1914. 

11.  Pleurage  dakotensis  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  87.  1901. 

Philocopra  dakotensis  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  17:  607.  1905. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken  or  superficial,  pyriform  with  a  papilliform 
to  cylindric,  black,  curved  or  crooked  beak,  600-875x300-555  mic.,  light- 
brown,  transparent,  thin,  membranous,  with  exposed  portions  covered  by 
tufts  of  agglutinate,  obliquely-septate,  light-brown  hairs  which  usually 
disappear  with  age;  rhizoids  branched,  flexuous,  2.5  mic.  in  diameter,  septate, 
smooth  and  light-brown;  paraphyses  simple,  slightly  ventricose,  numerous, 
longer  than  the  asci,  but  not  mixed  with  them,  septate,  evanescent^  asci 
clavate,  broadly  rounded  and  contracted  above,  and  contracted  below  into 
a  short,  crooked,  stipitate  base,  200-270x30-67  mic.,  260-295x55-95  mic. 
expanded,  32-spored,  rather  persistent;  spores  in  several  series,  ranging 
from  hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque, 
ellipsoid  to  slightly  ovoid,  18-23x12-15  mic.,  with  a  short,  cylindric, 
straight,  fugacious  primary  appendage  below  and  with  a  long,  lash-like, 
very  fugacious  secondary  appendage  tipping  both  the  primary  and  the 
apex  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  cows  and  rabbits;  also  on  dead  stems  of 
Salsola  tragus  L. 

Distribution:  New  Jersey  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  and 
Alabama. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XIII,  f.  1-4;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  7,  f.  17-19. 

Type  Locality:  Brookings,  South  Dakota. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


97 


Distinctive  Characters:  32-spored  asci,  and  agglutinated  hairs 
covering  the  projecting  beak  and  exposed  portions  of  the  perithecium. 

Notes:  My  measurements  of  perthecia— although  made  without  cover-glass— and  of  asci  were 
greater  than  those  made  by  Griffiths,  but  our  spore  measurements  agree. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  19,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Wm  A.  Stratton, 
Sardinia,  Dec.  29,  1916;  also  June  26,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  the  author,  near  Georgetown, 
Dec.  3, 1916. 

12.  Pleurage  curvicolla  (Wint.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Plant  33:  505.  1898. 
Sordaria  curvicolla  Wint.  Hedwigia  10:  161.  1871 
Philocopra  curvicolla  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  1:  250.  1882. 

Mycelium  superficial,  gray,  branched,  septate,  with  hyphae  1-2  mic. 
in  diameterj  perithecia,  scattered  or  gregarious,  sunken,  but  often 
erumpen^and  half  superficial  at  maturity,  pyriform  with  a  black, 
projecting,  rather  stout,  cylindric,  straight  or  curved  beak,  395- 
655x250-450  mic.,  light-brown,  transparent,  thin,  membranous,  ornamented 
on  the  lower  half  of  the  beak  with  bunches  of  simple,  nearly  straight, 
accuminate,  long,  septate,  smooth,  hyaline  to  light-brown,  persistent 
hairs;  paraphyses  not  observed*;  asci  widely  clavate  to  sac-like,  broadly 
rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a  short  stipe,  200-230x70-100 
mic.,  128-256-spored,  rather  persistent;  spores  in  many  series,  ranging 
from  hyaline  when  young  through  pale-olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and 
opaque,  ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  11-22x9-14  mic.,  terminated  below  by  a  short 
primary  appendage*. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses,  cows,  and  rabbits. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  Montana  and  Alabama;  also 
in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XIII,  f.  5-12;  Bull.  Torrey  Club  26;  pi.  365, 
f.  13-15;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  10,  f.  1-6. 

Type  Locality:  Germany. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Tufts  of  hairs  on  the  perithecia,  and 
the  large  number  of  small  spores. 

•Notes:  Griffiths  and  Seaver  give  “paraphyses  tubular  to  filiform  tapering  upwards,  septate, 
longer  than  the  asci’’;  they  also  state  that  the  apex  of  the  spore  and  the  primary  appendage  are 
each  tipped  with  a  long,  lash-like  gelatinous,  hyaline,  very  fugacious,  secondary  appendage.  My 
material  was  too  old  to  observe  these,  only  the  primary  appendages  being  present  in  a  few. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  1914,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  Bruce  Fink,  Peebles,  Oct- 
24,  1913;  also  April  4,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Charles  R.  Stevenson,  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917;  and 
May,  1917  on  potato  hard  agar  by  transferring  the  spores  ejected  upon  the  lid  of  the  Petri  dish  contain¬ 
ing  the  Stout  material. 

13.  Pleurage  collapsa  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  89.  1901. 
Philocopra  collapsa  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  17:  607.  1905. 

Perithecia  scattered  or  aggregate,  sunken,  pyriform  to  subglobose, 
with  a  papilliform  to  short,  cylindric,  black  beak,  450-500x400-450  mic., 
pale-green  below  at  first  but  soon  becoming  brown,  thin,  membranous, 
with  the  exposed  portion,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  beak,  covered  with 
long,  flexuous,  septate,  brown  hairs;  paraphyses  ventricose,  agglutinate, 
longer  than  the  asci,  but  not  much  mixed  with  them,  evanescent;  asci 
clavate  to  fusiform  contracted  and  sharply  rounded  above  and  contracted 


98 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


below  into  a  short,  blunt  stipe,  *2 10-225x30-50  mic.,  64-spored,  evanescent; 
spores  in  several  series,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through 
olivaceous  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid  and  broadly  rounded  at  the 
ends,  15-21x10-14  mic.,  with  a  primary  appendage  that  is  very  long  and 
slightly  clavate  when  young,  but  at  maturity  is  very  much  shriveled  and 
indistinguishable  from  the  short,  blunt  secondary  appendages  which 
terminate  it  and  the  apex  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  rabbit  dung. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Alabama. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XIV,  f.  1-4;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  10,  f. 
14-18. 

Type  Locality:  New  York  City. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Hairy  perithecia,  64-spored  asci  and 
character  of  primary  appendages. 

*Note:  Measurements  of  asci  weremade  from  old  material  and  thus  not  expanded  but  contracted. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Dec.  8,  1916,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  the  author,  near 
Georgetown,  Sept  14,  1914. 

14.  Pleurage  pleiospora  ( Winl.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Plant.  3  ’ :  504. 
1898. 

Sordaria  pleiospora  Wint.  Hedwigia  10:  161.  1871. 

Philocopra  pleiospora  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  1:  249.  1882. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken  but  becoming  more  or  less  free  with  age, 
pyriform  with  a  papilliform  to  somewhat  elongate,  cylindric,  black,  bare, 
usually  curved  beak,  500-700x375-525  mic.,  dark-brown,  somewhat 
transparent  when  young,  thin,  membranous,  the  whole  surface  of  the 
perithecium,  except  the  tip  of  the  beak,  and  of  the  substratum  covered 
with  long,  flexuous,  septate,  smooth,  pale-brown  hairs;  paraphyses  simple, 
rather  stout,  ventricose,  longer  than  the  asci,  septate,  evanescent;  asci 
clavate  to  fusiform,  contracted  and  narrowly  rounded  above  and 
contracted  below  into  a  short,  narrow,  usually  crooked,  stipitate  base, 
310x65  mic.,  64-spored,  but  at  times  appear  to  be  less,  evanescent;  spores 
in  several  series,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  olivaceous  to 
dark-brown  and  opaque,  ellipsoid,  rounded  at  both  ends  but  usually  more 
broadly  so  below,  27.5-40x15-20  mic.,  with  a  clavate  to  cylindric 
primary  appendage,  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  spore,  the  base  surrounded 
with  2-several  hyaline,  gelatinous  secondary  appendages  varying  in  form 
and  size,  the  apex  of  the  spore  being  crowned  by  a  tuft  of  very  fine 
filaments  closely  united  into  a  short,  blunt,  straight  or  curved  appendage. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses  and  cows. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio,  Mississippi  and  Alabama;  also 
in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XIV,  f.  5-8;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  10,  f.  7-10. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


99 


Distinctive  Character:  The  spore  appendages. 

NoteSi  Measurement  for  asci  was  taken  from  a  slightly  immature  one  since  no  mature  forms 
were  found  in  the  material,  they  being  very  evanescent.  Saccardo  gives  208-300x70-120  mic.  for  size 
of  asci;  Griffiths,  250-300x60-110  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  April  26,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson, 
at  Stout,  Adams  Co.,  Jan.  1,  1917.  A  culture  growth  on  potato  hard  agar  was  obtained  from  these 
plants. 

3.  Delitschia  Auersw.  Hedwigia  5:  49.  1866. 

Perithecia  superficial  or  sunken,  dark-brown  to  black  and  opaque, 
thin  and  membranous  to  thick  and  coriaceous,  hairy  or  smooth;  asci  8  or 
16-spored  with  an  internal  membrane  which  generally  ruptures  on  a 
plainly  marked  constriction  just  below  the  apex;  spores  2-celled, 
dark-brown  and  opaque,  usually  with  a  gelatinous  envelope. 

Type  species,  Delitschia  didyma  Auersw. 

Asci  8-spored. 

Spores  obliquely  septate,  2  seriate.  1.  D.  leporina. 

Spores  transversely  septate,  small,  with  hyaline  envelope. 

Beak  long-cylindric  and  hairy.  2.  D.  vulgaris. 

1.  Delitschia  Leporina.£>, Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  101,  102. 
1901. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken,  pyriform  to  short-cylindric  or  conic, 
with  a  broad,  truncate,  projecting,  rough  or  warty  beak  which  is 
uniformly  covered  with  long,  flexuous,  delicate,  brown,  septate  hairs, 
625-700x350-555  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black  and  opaque,  thin,  membranous; 
paraphyses  simple  or  branched,  filiform,  numerous,  longer  than  the  asci 
and  mixed  with  them,  septate,  persistent;  asci  clavate,  broadly  rounded 
above  and  contracted  below  into  a  short,  blunt  stipe,  255-325x30-40  mic., 
8-spored,  persistent;  spores  2-seriate,  2-celled  with  a  deep,  rather  broad 
constriction,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  yellow  to  dark- 
brown  and  opaque,  rather  narrowly  ellipsoid,  acutely  rounded  at  the  ends, 
47.5-65x15-19  mic.,  with  a  linear  germ-pore  along  wall  of  each  cell  and 
with  a  hyaline,  rather  persistent  envelope  which  expands  greatly  in  water 
and  is  evidently  septate  and  broadly  constricted  similar  to  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  rabbit  dung. 

Distribution:  New  Jersey  and  Ohio. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XV,  f.  1-7;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  ID  pi.  13,  f.  14-16. 

Type  Locality:  Fort  Lee,  New  Jersey. 

Distinctive  Characters:  2-seriate,  obliquely  septate  and  deeply 
constricted  spores. 

Notes:  Some  spores  were  found  measuring  as  much  as  40-72x15-25  mic.  Griffiths  gives  size  of 
perithecia  at  600-750x500  mic.,  asci  240-295x30-34  mic.,  and  spores  40-65x16-20  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory.  May  4,  1917,  on  rabbit  dung  collected  by  the  author  at 
Oxford,  Oct.  22,  1914. 

2.  Delitschia  vulgaris  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  104.  1901. 

^Perithecia  scattered,  sunken,  subglobose  to  pyriform,  with  a  long, 
cylindric,  curved  or  twisted  beak  which  is  densely  covered  with  short, 


100 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


wavy,  brown,  sparingly  septate  hairs,  600-750x375-450  mic.,  brown  to 
black  and  opaque,  thin,  membranous;  paraphyses  filiform,  septate, 
abundant,  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them;  asci  cylindric,  broadly 
rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a  stout,  tapering  stipe,  185-215 
x24-27  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent;  spores  obliquely  1-seriate,  2-celled, 
ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  yellow  to  dark-brown  and 
opaque,  ellipsoid,  broadly  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  broad,  shallow 
constriction,  27-30x13-16  mic.,  with  a  hyaline  envelope  prominent, 
swelling  greatly  in  water  and  showing  a  striation  continuous  with  the 
septum  of  the  spore  and  with  a  germ-pore  extending  from  each  end  of 
the  spore  over  half-way  to  the  septum. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  horses  and  cows. 

Distribution:  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Alabama. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XV,  f.  8-14;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  14,  f.  4-6. 

Type  Locality:  New  York  City. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Long  hairy  beaks  of  perithecia  and 
ellipsoid  spores. 

*Notes:  Owing  to  the  small  amount  of  material  at  hand,  the  description  had  to  be  taken  largely 
from  that  given  by  David  Griffiths,  especially  all  measurements.  The  author’s  measurements  which 
were  made  were  as  follows:  perithecia  685-1135x235  mic.  and  spores  27.5-30x12.5-13  mic.  My 
material  agreed  with  that  of  Griffiths  in  that  only  two  or  three  perithecia  were  found  on  the  same 
culture. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  April  24,  1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson 
at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 


4.  Spororima  De-Not.  Mem.  Accad#  Torino  II.  10:  342.  1849. 


Perithecia  sunken  or  less  frequently  superficial,  globose  or  ovoid, 
with  papilliform  to  cylindric  beak,  membranous  to  coriaceous  and  some¬ 
times  slightly  brittle;  asci  cylindric  to  clavate  with  an  internal  membrane 
which  is  usually  perforate  at  the  apex;  spores  4-many-celled,  usually 
dark-brown  and  opaque,  fusiform  to  cylindric,  and  surrounded  by  a 
hyaline  gelatinous  envelope. 

Type  species,  Sporormia  fimetaria  De-Not. 


Spores  4-celled. 

Beak  always  small,  papilliform  or  wanting. 

Paraphyses  few  or  entirely  wanting.  Spores  dark-brown  or  black  at 
maturity.  1.  S.  minima. 

Paraphyses  abundant.  Spores  narrowly  cylindric. 

Asci  clavate,  spores  large. 

Asci  cylindric,  spores  small. 

Beak  enlarged  and  tubercular.  Plant  and  spores  small. 

Spores  more  than  4-celled. 

Spores  16-celled,  united  into  a  cylindric  mass. 

Spores  10-15-celled  with  a  very  large  cell  in  the  upper  spore  of  the  ascus. 

6.  S.  herculea. 


2.  S.  intermedia. 

3.  S.  leporina. 

4.  S.  tuberculata. 

5.  S>.  fimetaria. 


1.  Sporormia  minima  Auersw.  Hedwigia  7:  66.  1868. 

Sphaeria  multifera  Berk.  &  Rav.;  Berk.  Grevillea  4:  143.  1876. 

Philocopra  midtifera  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  1:  251.  1882. 

Mycelium  both  within  substratum  and  superficial,  gray  or  mouse- 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


101 


colored  in  mass,  becoming  brown,  branched,  septate;  perithecia  scattered, 
sunken,  with  the  small  papilliform  beak  projecting  to  the  surface,  later 
more  or  less  erumpent  with  the  beak  disappearing  almost  entirely,  leaving 
the  perithecium  simply  perforate,  globose  to  ellipsoid,  90-220x90-160  mic., 
dark-brown,  opaque,  thin,  membranous;  paraphyses  simple,  filiform,  few  or 
absent,  about  equal  to  the  asci,  septate,  persistent;  asci  cylindric-clavate, 
broadly  rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a  short  or  almost  sessile 
base,  65-110x13-18  mic.,  8-spored,  opening  by  a  cap-like  lid,  rather 
persistent;  spores  in  two  or  three  series,  4-celled,  ranging  from  hyaline 
when  young  through  yellow  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  cylindric,  straight 
or  curved,  rounded  at  the  ends,  deeply  constricted  and  easily  separable, 
especially  at  the  middle,  26-34x5-6  mic.,  with  hyaline  envelope  easily 
visible  in  water  and  septate  corresponding  with  the  septation  of  the  spore, 
persistent. 

Habitat:  On  the  dung  of  goats,  horses,  cows,  sheep,  rabbits,  dogs, 
prairie  dogs,  and  burros. 

Distribution:  Vermont  to  Ohio,  Oregon,  Arizona,  and  Louisiana; 
also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PL  XVI,  f.  1-5;  A.  Berl.  Ic.  Fung.  1:  pi.  28,  f.  4;  Ellis 
&  Ev.  N.  Am.  Pyrenom.  pi.  18,  f.  6-9;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  15,  f.  16-18. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Small  size  of  perithecia  and  few 
paraphyses. 

Note:  Plants  collected  by  the  author  on  cow  dung,  at  Oxford,  Oct.  1,  1913,  and  5  miles  south  of 
Oxford,  Oct.  14,  1916;  also  grown  in  laboratory,  June  13,  1917,  on  potato  hard  agar  from  specimens  on 
rabbit  dung,  collected  by  the  author,  at  Oxford,  Oct.  22,  1914. 

2.  Sporormia  intermedia  Auersw.  Hedwigia  7:  67.  1868. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken  but  becoming  superficial  sometimes, 
pyriform,  385-875x205-480  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black  and  opaque, 
coriaceous  or  often  slightly  brittle,  covered  even  to  the  tip  of  the  beak 
with  simple,  fiexuous  or  bristle-like,  septate,  smooth,  pale-brown  hairs, 
the  lower  serving  as  rhizoids  and  being  branched,  or  often  with  age  the 
hairs  disappear  leaving  only  papillate  projections  as  evidence  of  their 
presence;  paraphyses  sparingly  branched,  filiform,  numerous,  longer 
than  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them,  septate,  rather  persistent;  asci 
clavate-cylindric,  broadly  rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a 
short,  blunt,  usually  curved  base,  125-230x22-30  mic.,  8-spored,  opening 
by  a  thimble-like  rupture  when  the  perforate  membrane  becomes  plainly 
visible,  rather  persistent;  spores  in  2-3  series,  overlapping,  4-celled, 
ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  pale,  olivaceous-yellow, 
pale-brown  to  dark-brown  and  opaque,  cylindric,  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  broadly  rounded  at  the  ends  and  usually  deeply  constricted. 


102 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


47.5-65x9-15  mic!,  having  a  hyaline  envelope  surrounding  the  entire 
spore,  swelling  greatly  in  water  and  showing  striatious  continous  with  the 
septa  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  rabbits,  horses,  cows,  sheep,  prairie  dogs,  and 
dogs. 

Distribution:  Vermont  to  Ohio,  Oregon,  California,  and  Mississippi; 
also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XVI,  f,  6-13;  Hedwigia  7:  pi.  1,  f.  4;  A.  Berl. 
Ic.  Fung.  1:  pi.  29,  f.  2:  Mem.  Torrey  Club  LI:  pi.  15,  f.  19-21. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Broad  large  spores  and  usually  hairy 

♦ 

perithecia. 

Notes:  The  size  of  the  perithecia  and  of  the  spores  were  found  to  be  larger  than  those 
previously  reported  for  this  species  and  the  perithecia  were  covered  with  hairs  except  in  older 
specimens,  yet  the  author  does  not  deem  it  wise  to  call  this  a  new  species  since  all  other 
characteristics  agree  so  well. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  April  3,1917,  on  horse  dung  collected  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson, 
at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

3.  Sporormia  leporina  Niessl,  Oesterr.  Bot.  Zeits.  28:A 96.  1878. 

^Perithecia  sunken  and  scattered  or  aggregate  in  small,  loose  clusters 
which  become  erumpent  and  form  small  elevations  of  the  material 
of  the  substratum,  which,  on  disintegrating,  leaves  the  perithecia 
exposed,  subglobose  to  ovoid,  with  a  papilliform  or  conic  beak, 
200-225x150-180  mic.,  black  and  shining  above,  thin,  membranous  or 
often  inclined  to  be  brittle;  paraphyses  sparingly  branched,  filiform, 
constricted  especially  below,  abundant,  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed  with 
them,  septate;  asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded  above  and  contracted  below 
into  a  short,  blunt  stipe,  105-135x12-16  mic.,  8-spored;  spores  obliquely 
2-seriate,  4  celled,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  yellow  to 
dark-brown  and  opaque,  cylindric,  deeply  constricted,  easily  separable, 
rounded  at  the  ends,  32-35x5-6  mic.,  with  a  hyaline  envelope  becoming 
prominent  in  water  and  evidently  striate  corresponding  with  the  septation 
of  the  spores. 

Habitat:  On  rabbit  dung;  also  cultivated  on  the  dung  of  horses  and 
cows. 

Distribution:  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  and-  Ontario;  also  in 
Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XVII,  f.  1-3;  A.  Berl.  Ic.  Fung.  7:  pi.  28,  f.  3; 
Mem.  Torrey  Club  77:  pi.  15,  f.  22-24. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 

Distinctive  Characters:  Small  beak,  cylindric  asci,  and  cylindric 
comparatively  short  spores. 

♦Notes:  Description  is  taken  largely  from  that  given  by  Griffiths,  especially  the  measurements. 
The  author  found  the  following  measurements  for  the  small  amount  of  material  obtainable;  perithec  a 
250-x220  mic..  asci  125x13  mic.,  spores  30-37.5x5-6  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  April  5,  1917,  on  a  straw  in  horse  manure  collected  by  Chas  R. 
Stevenson,  at  Stout.  Jan.  1,  1917. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


103 


4.  Sporormia  tuberculata  D.  Griff.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  112.  1901. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken,  globose  with  a  tubercular,  enlarged, 
black  beak,  *375-395x300-320  mic.,  dark-brown  to  black  and  opaque, 
thin,  membranous,  cellular  structure  being  visible;  paraphyses  branched, 
filiform,  2-3  mic.  wide,  shriveling  to  1  mic.,  guttulate,  numerous, 
equaling  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them,  septate;  asci  clavate,  broadly 
rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a  rather  long,  narrow,  crooked 
stipe,  150-155x15-16  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent;  spores  2-seriate,  4-celled, 
pale-brown,  cylindric,  rounded  at  the  ends,  deeply  constricted  and  easily 
separable,  32-38x6-7.5  mic.,  with  a  narrow,  hyaline,  rather  persistent 
envelope,  showing  striations  continuous  with  the  septa  of  the  spore. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  goats  and  horses. 

Distribution:  New  Jersey  to  Ohio  and  Arizona. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XVII,  f.  4-7;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  15,  f. 
13-15. 

Type  Locality:  Fort  Lee,  New  Jersey. 

Distinctive  Character:  The  enlarged,  tuberculate  beak  of  the 
perithecittrc? . 

•Notes:  The  measurements  were  based  upon  only  a  few  specimens.  Griffiths  gives  the  following 
measurements:  perithecia  375-450x225-275  mic.,  asci  100-130x11-13  mic.  and  spores  32-33x5.5-7  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  June  16,  1917,  on  horse  dung,  collected  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson, 
at  Stout,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

5.  Sporormia  fimetaria  De-Not.  Mem.  Accad.  Torino  II.  10:  342.  1849. 
Sphaeria  fimetaria  Rab;  Klotzsch,  Herb.  Viv.  Myc.  1 733.  1853. 

Perithecia  scattered,  sunken  beneath  the  thin  upper  crust  of  the 
substratum  through  which  the  upper  wall  of  the  perithecium  opens  on  the 
surface,  globose,  without  any  visible  beak,  the  ostiolum  being  simply  an 
opening  in  the  wall  of  the  perithecium,  90-145  mic.  in  diameter,  brown, 
opaque,  thin,  membranous;  paraphyses  not  observed  (paraphyses  sparingly 
branched,  filiform,  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed  with  them,  septate, 
Griffiths);  asci  cylindric,  broadly  rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into 
a  rather  broad,  stout,  stipitate  base,  70-80x12-16  mic.,  8-spored,  persistent; 
spores  parallel,  firmly  united  into  a  cylindric,  truncate  mass  in  the  center 
of  the  ascus,  16-celled  with  the  end  cells  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
others  (Ellis  &  Ev.  say  16-20-celled),  brown,  rod-shaped,  50-54x3.5-4  mic., 
the  whole  mass  of  spores  surrounded  by  a  very  narrow  hyaline  envelope 
which  does  not  adhere  to  the  individual  spores  when  isolated. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  cows  and  sheep. 

Distribution:  Vermont  to  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  and  Mississippi; 
also  in  Europe. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XVII,  f.  8-11;  A.  N.  Berk  Ic.  Fung  1:  pi.  37,  f.  4. 
1894;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  17,  f.  4-7. 

Type  Locality:  Europe. 


104 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Distinctive  Characters:  Fasciculated  many -celled  spores  and  small, 
sunken  perithecia. 

Notes:  Plants  found  on  cow  dung  after  being  placed  in  moist  Petri  dishes.  The  material  was 
collected  at  Peebles  by  Bruce  Fink,  Oct.  28,  1913,  and  at  Stout  by  Chas.  R.  Stevenson,  Jan.  1,  1917. 

6.  Sporormia  herculea  Ellis  &  Ev.  N.  Am.  Pyrenom.  135.  1892. 

Mycelium  superficial,  salmon-colored,  branched,  septate;  perithecia 
scattered,  sunken,  globose,  with  a  projecting,  black,  cylindric  beak  which 
terminates  in  an  enlarged,  black,  warty,  irregularly  expanded  or  even 
forked  extremity  sometimes  375x135  mic.,  600-800x390-660  mic.,  black, 
opaque,  membranous  to  coriaceous,  sometimes  inclined  to  be  brittle; 
paraphyses  simple,  filiform,  abundant,  longer  than  the  asci  and  mixed 
with  them,  septate,  persistent;  asci  clavate  or  slightly  fusiform,  broadly 
rounded  above  and  contracted  below  into  a  short,  blunt  stipe, 
315-355x40-65  mic.,  8-spored,  quite  persistent;  spores  obliquely  2-3-seriate, 
10-15-celled,  ranging  from  hyaline  when  young  through  yellow  to 
dark-brown,  fusiform  at  first  but  becoming  more  or  less  cylindric  at 
maturity,  rounded  or  subacute  at  the  ends,  deeply  constricted  and  easily 
separable  into  individual  cells,  125-155x16-20  mic.,  the  second  to  the  fifth 
cell  from  above  in  the  upper  spore  of  the  ascus  being  much  larger  than 
any  of  the  others,  ordinary  cells  12.5-17.5x12-20  mic.,  large  cell 
20x20-25  mic.,  hyaline  envelope  very  evanescent. 

Habitat:  On  dung  of  cows  and  horses. 

Distribution:  Rhode  Island  to  Ohio  and  Texas. 

Illustrations:  PI.  XVIII,  f.  1-9;  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  pi.  17,  f.  1-3. 

Type  Locality:  Newfield,  New  Jersey. 

Distinctive  Characters:  The  peculiar  beaks  of  the  perithecia  and 
the  peculiar  upper  spore  of  an  ascus. 

Notes:  Ellis  &  Everhart  give  the  following  measurements:  perithecia  500-750  mic.,  in  diameter, 
asci  250-342x50-60  mic.,  spores  112-152x14-16  mic;  Griffiths  &  Seaver  give:  perithecia  440-550  mic. 
in  diameter,  asci  225-300x45-60  mic.,  spores  135-150x18-21  mic. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  Oct.  16,  1916,  on  cow  dung  collected  by  the  author,  near 
Georgetown,  Sept.  7,  1914. 


GLOSSARY 

Acicula  (pi.  aciculae),  a  needle-like  or  bristle-like  spine  or  prickle. 
Acicular,  slender  or  needle-shaped. 

Acuminate,  having  a  gradually  diminishing  point. 

Adnate,  to  grow  attached  the  whole  length. 

Agglutinate,  glued  together. 

Aggregate,  collected  together. 

Apical,  at  or  belonging  to  the  apex,  tip  or  summit. 

Apiculus,  a  small  apical  point. 

Arachnoid,  like  a  cobweb,  from  an  entanglement  of  fine  white  hairs. 
Beak,  a  pointed  projection. 

Bristle,  a  stiff  hair. 

Circinate,  coiled  into  a  ring. 

Clavate,  club-shaped,  thickened  towards  the  apex. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


105 


Conic,  having  the  shape  of  a  cone  as  the  carrot. 

Convolutions,  folds. 

Coriaceous,  leathery,  tough. 

Dichotomous,  forked,  parted  by  pairs. 

Ellipsoid,  an  elliptic  solid. 

Erumpent,  prominent  as  though  bursting  through  the  epidermis. 

Evanescent,  soon  disappearing,  lasting  only  a  short  time. 

Excentrically,  one-sided. 

Fascicled,  drawn  into  a  close  cluster  or  bundle. 

Filiform,  thread-like. 

Flexuous,  bent  alternately  in  opposite  directions,  zigzag. 

Fugacious,  soon  perishing  or  disappearing. 

Fuscous,  dusky,  too  brown  for  a  gray. 

Fusiform,  thick,  but  tapering  towards  each  end. 

Gelatinous,  jelly-like. 

Germ-pore,  a  pit  on  the  surface  of  a  spore-envelope  through  which  a  germ-tube 
makes  its  appearance. 

Germ-tube,  a  tubular  process  from  a  spore  developing  into  a  hypha,  and  then  into  a 
mycelium  or  promycelium. 

Gregarious,  growing  in  company,  associated  but  not  matted. 

Guttulate,  resembling  drops  of  oil  or  resin. 

Homogeneous,  of  the  same  kind  or  nature. 

Hyaline,  colorless  or  translucent.  A  glass-green. 

Immersed,  below  the  surface. 

Incrusted,  covered  with  a  hard  crust  or  coat. 

Limoniformis,  lemon-shaped. 

Mycelium,  the  vegetative  portion  of  the  thallus  of  fungi,  composed  of  hyphae. 
Olivaceous,  the  color  of  a  ripe  olive. 

Ostiolum,  the  opening  through  which  spores  escape  from  the  perithecium. 

Ovoid,  an  egg-shaped  solid. 

Papilla  (pi.  papillae),  soft  superficial  glands  or  protuberances;  aciculae. 

Papillate,  having  soft  superficial  glands,  protuberances,  or  aciculae. 

Papilliform,  shaped  like  a  papilla;  a  small  protuberance. 

Paraphyses,  sterile  filaments  occurring  in  the  fruit-body. 

Perforate,  pierced  through. 

Perithecium  (pi.  perithecia),  a  receptacle  or  case  enclosing  spores  which  are  naked  or 
in  asci. 

Persistent,  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  parts  of  the  same  kind  sometimes 
fall  off  or  are  absorbed. 

Profile,  in  side  view. 

Pyriform,  resembling  a  pear  in  shape. 

Remote,  scattered,  not  close  together. 

Saprophytic,  living  on  dead  organic  matter. 

Scabrous,  roughened  or  rough  to  the  touch. 

Septate,  divided  by  a  partition. 

Septum,  (pi.  septa),  any  kind  of  partition,  whether  a  true  dissepiment  or  not. 

Seriate,  disposed  in  a  series  of  rows. 

Sessile,  without  a  stalk. 

Stroma,  a  cushion-like  body,  on  or  in  which  the  perithecia  are  immersed;  a  compound 
fungus-body. 

Subcircinate,  somewhat  coiled  into  a  circle. 

Subglobose,  nearly  globular. 


3  O  B  S 


106 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Substratum,  the  substance  upon  or  within  which  a  fungus  grows. 

Subulate,  awl-shaped. 

Superficial,  lying  on  the  surface,  not  deep  in  the  substratum. 

Truncate,  as  though  cut  off  at  the  end. 

Tuft,  a  waving  or  bending  and  spreading  cluster;  a  clump. 

Ventricose,  swelling  or  inflated  on  one  side.  * 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Auerswald,  B.  Delitschia  Awd.,  nov.  gen.  egrege  Sphaeriacearum  simplicium  et; 

affinitate  Sordariarum  et  Amphisphaeriarum.  Hedwigia,  5:  49.  1866. 

Die  Sporormia  Arten.  Hedwigia  7:  65-70.  pi.  1.  1868. 

Berlese,  A.  N.  leones  Fungorum  1:  pi.  28,  f.  3,  4;  pi.  29,  f.  2;  pi.  37,  f.  4.  1894. 

Cesati,  V.  Hedwigia  1:  103.  pi.  14,  f.  A.  1856. 

Cooke,  M.  C.  British  Fungi.  Grevillea  1:  176.  1873. 

Cooke,  M.  C.  &  Ellis,  J.  B.  New  Jersey  Fungi.  Grevillea  6:  96.  pi.  100,  f.  38.  1878;  8: 
16.  1879. 

Corda,  A.  C.  I.  leones  Fungorum  1:  24.  pi.  7,  f.  293,  B.  1837;  2:  29.  pi.  13,  f.  103.  1838. 
Desmazieres,  J.  B.  H.  J.  Plantes  Cryptogames.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  III.  11:  353.  1849. 
Ellis,  J.  B.  South  Jersey  Fungi.  Bull.  Torrey  Club  6:  109.  1876. 

Ellis,  J.  B.  &  Everhart,  B.  M.  New  Species  of  Fungi  from  Various  Localities.  Am. 
Nat.  31:  340,  341.  1897. 

North  American  Pyrenomycetes,  122-136.  pi.  16,  f.  1-6;  pi.  17,  f.  1-3  and  10-12. 
pi.  18,  f.  1-9.  1892. 

Fries,  Elias.  Pyrenomycetes.  Summa  Veg.  Scand.  418.  1849. 

Fuckel,  L.  Symbolae  Mvcologicae,  89-90  and  239-246.  pi.  4,  f.  1.  1869. 

Symbolae  Mycologica£,  Beitrage  sur  Kenntniss  der  Rheinischen  Pilze. 
Nachtrag  II.  Mit  1  Lithographirten  Tafel.  Jahr.  Nass.  Ver.  Nat.  27-28: 
43,  44.  pi.  1,  f.  33.  1873. 

Greville,  Robert  K.  Scot.  Crypt.  FI.  IV:  230.  pi.  230.  1826. 

Griffiths,  David.  The  North  American  Sordariaceae.  Mem.  Torrey  Club  11:  1-134. 
pi.  1-19.  1901. 

Contributions  to  a  better  Knowledge  of  the  Pyrenomycetes,  1  A  Study  of 
Miscellaneous  Species.  Bull.  Torrey  Club  26:  432-444.  pi.  365,  f.  1-18.  1899. 

Griffiths,  David,  Seaver,  Fred  Jay,  and  Palliser,  Helen  Letitia.  Fimetariales. 

N.  Amer.  FI.  3:  57-88.  1910. 

Kuntze,  Otto.  Revisio  Generum  Plantarum  3  s:  504,  505.  1898. 

Kunze,  Gustav.  Mykologische  Hefte  1:  15.  1817. 

Niessl,  G.  V.  Die  Arten  der  Pyrenomycetengattung.  Sporormia  De  Not.  Oesterr. 
Bot.  Zeits.  28:  44  &  96.  1878. 

Peck,  Charles  H.  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  28:  64  &  78.  pi.  2,  f.  14-17.  1879. 

Plants  found  growing  spontaneously  in  the  State  and  not  before  reported. 

Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  27:  106.  1875. 

Species  not  before  reported.  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  49:  38.  1897. 

Phillips,  Wm.  &  Plowright,  Charles  B.  New  and  rare  British  Fungi.  Grevillea 
187,  188.  pi.  25,  f.  1.  1874;  6;  28,  29.  pi.  94.  1877. 

Plowright,  Charles  B.  Californian  Sphaeriae.  Grevillea  7:  71,  72.  pi.  120, 

f.  2.  1878. 

Rabenhorst,  L.  Malinverma  nov.  gen.  Hedwigia  1:  116.  pi.  15,  f.  4.  1857. 

Rehm,  H.  Ascomycetes  (fasc.  XV.)  Hedwigia  23:  74-76.  1884. 


THE  FIMETARIALES  OF  OHIO 


107 


Saccardo,  P.  A.  Fungi  Veneti.  Michelia  1:  373.  1878. 

Sylloge  Fungorum,  Chaetomium  7:220-230:  9:484-486:  11: 279;  14:  490,  491;  16: 
428-430;  17:  600,  601.  Delitschia,  1:  732-734;  9:  747-749;  11:  317;  14: 
558;  16:  506,  507;  17:  686-688.  Hypocopra,  1:  240-248;  9:  490-493;  11: 
279-280;  16:  433,  434;  17:  605,  606.  Philocopra,  1:  249-252;  9:  494;  16: 
434,  435;  17:  606-608.  Sordaria,  1:  230-239;  9:  487-489;  14:  492-494;  16: 
430-433;  17:  601-605.  Sporormia,  2:  123-132;  9:  816-820;  11:  329,  330; 
14:  577;  16:  526,  527;  17:  737-739.  1882-1905. 

Spegazzini,  Carolo.  Fungi  Coprohili  Veneti.  Michelia  1:  224-228.  1878. 

Winter,  George.  Diagnosen  neuer  Pilze.  Hedwigia  10:  161,  162.  1871. 

Exotische  Pilze  IV.  C.  Pilze  von  Cape  Horn.  Hedwigia  26:  16.  1887. 

Die  Pilze  Deutschlands,  Oesterreichs  und  der  Schweiz,  in  Rabenhorst 
Kryptogamenflora  1-:  162-177  and  179-187.  (f.  1-3  and  1-4  page  162). 

1887. 

Zopf,  Dr.  W.  Zur  Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  Ascomyceten-Chaetomium.  Nova 
Acta  Acad.  Leop.-Carol.  42:  279.  pi.  17,  14-26;  pi.  18,  1-11;  pi.  19,  f. 
13-20;  pi.  20,  f.  1-26.  1881. 


108 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  I. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-8.  Chaetomium  murorum.  1-2.  Two  kinds  of  apical  hairs.  3.  Upper  half  of 
a  lateral  hair.  4-6.  Young  asci  in  outline.  7.  Spore-bearing  part  of  a  mature 
ascus.  8.  A  spore. 

9-11.  Chaetomium  olivaceum.  9.  A  young  ascus.  10.  Spore-bearing  part  of  a 
mature  ascus.  11.  Slightly  immature  spores. 

12-20.  Chaetomium  spirochaete.  12.  Perithecium.  13.  Apical  hair.  14.  Portion 
of  a  different  kind  of  apical  hair.  15,  16.  Lateral  hairs.  17,  18.  Basal 
hairs.  19.  Immature  ascus.  20.  Spores  showing  oil  globules  in  some. 

21-22.  Chaetomium  bostrychodes.  21.  Perithecium.  22.  A  portion  of  the 
perithecial  wall  showing  structure. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY -BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  I 


109 


110 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  II. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-8.  Chaetomium  bostrychodes.  1,2.  Two  types  of  apical  hairs.  3.  A  lateral  hair 
showing  the  hyaline  tip.  4.  Paraphyses.  5.  Young  asci.  6.  Spore-bearing 
portion  of  a  mature  ascus.  7.  Mature  ascus  with  only  six  spores  visible.  8. 
Spores. 

9-12.  Chaetomium  datum.  9-11.  Several  sections  of  an  apical  hair.  9.  Near  the 
base.  10.  At  the  point  of  branching.  11.  At  the  hyaline  tip.  12.  Spores,  one 
with  an  oil  globule. 

13-18.  Chaetomium  funicola.  13.  Perithecium.  14.  Part  of  a  simple  apical  hair 
showing  the  hyaline  tip.  15,  16.  Branched  hairs.  17.  Rhizoids.  18. 
Spores. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  II 


Robt.  Stratton 


111 


112 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  III. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-6.  Fimetaria  tetraspora.  1.  Perithecium  showing  superficial  mycelium.  2. 
Paraphyses  with  an  ascus,  showing  shape  and  spore-arrangement.  3. 
Paraphyses.  4.  Apical  spore  of  ascus  with  peculiar  enlargement  of  hyaline 
envelope.  5.  Mature  spore.  6.  Old  spores,  end  and  side  views. 

7-11.  Fimetaria  Humana.  7,  8.  Perithecia.  9.  Young  ascus  enlarged  at  the  tip, 
due  perhaps  to  the  pressure  of  the  young  asci.  10.  Apical  portion  of  a 
paraphysis.  11.  Old  spores,  hyaline  envelope  having  disappeared. 

12-19.  Fimetaria  minima.  12.  Perithecium  as  observed  under  the  cover-glass 
with  portions  of  the  substratum  beneath  it.  13.  Two  perithecia  as  observed 
under  the  cover-glass  with  portions  of  the  substratum  beneath  them.  14. 
Aciculae  of  the  perithecium.  15.  Paraphyses.  16.  Paraphyses  shriveled 
with  two  entwining  each  other.  17.  Asc^one  showing  oil  globules  which  are 
present  in  the  spores  of  most  of  the  asci.  18.  Spores  showing  the  hyaline 
envelope  and  two  oil  globules  in  each.  19.  Spores  germinating  after  20  hours 
in  water  at  room  temperature. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  III 


Robt.  Stratton 


113 


114 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IV. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-6.  Fimetaria  Jimicola.  1.  Perithecium  shown  as  cut  on  one  side  showing  spores 
within,  mycelium,  and  the  attachment  to  the  substratum.  Shaded  portion 
filled  with  asci.  2.  Tip  of  an  ascus  showing  pore  at  tip,  and  hyaline  envelope 
as  seen  in  the  ascus,  and  germ-pore  pointed  downwards.  3.  Young  spore, 
showing  hyaline  envelope,  germ-pore,  and  three  oil  globules.  4.  Mature 
spores.  5.  Spore  end  view.  6.  Spore  seen  obliquely. 

7-8.  Fimetaria  pilosa.  7.  Perithecium.  8.  Ascus  showing  spore-arrangement. 
9-16.  Fimetaria  discospora.  9  &  11.  Perithecia  in  outline.  10.  Perithecium.  12. 
An  acicula.  13.  Paraphyses  and  asci  in  outline.  14.  Mature  ascus.  15.  A 
spore.  16.  Rather  large  spores  seen  in  one  specimen.  Thought  by  some 
authors  to  belong  to  a  different  species.  Seems  to  be  a  variation  in  the  same 
species. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  IV 


Robt.  Stratton 


115 


116 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-3.  Fimetaria  fimicola.  1.  Perithecium  with  spores  escaping.  2.  Young  ascus. 
3.  Mature  ascus. 

4-8.  Pleurage  taenioides.  4.  Perithecium.  5.  An  old  spore.  6.  Mature  spore 
X  79.  7.  Same  X  450.  8.  Mature  spore  showing  folds  in  the  primary 

appendage. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  V 


6 


Robt.  Stratton 


ft 


117 


118 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VI. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-10.  Pleurage  anserina.  1.  Perithecium  with  spores  escaping.  2.  Apical  hairs. 
3.  Ascus  and  paraphyses  in  outline  X  306.  4,  5.  Young  asci  in  outline. 
6.  Ascus  almost  mature.  7.  Mature  ascus.  8.  Ascus  apex  showing  cap 
breaking  off.  9.  Young  spore  showing  primary  appendage  with  septa. 
10.  Peculiar  mature  spore,  not  a  common  type. 


I 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  VI 


Robt.  Stratton 


119 


120 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-5.  Pleurage  conica.  1.  Perithecium.  2,  3.  Agglutinate  hairs  of  the  perithecium. 

4.  Mature  ascus.  5.  Mature  spores. 

6-8.  Pleurage  amphicornis.  6.  Perithecium.  7.  Hairs.  8.  Rhizoid. 


* 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  VII 


4  O  B  S 


122 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-4.  Pleurage  amphicornis.  1.  Perithecium  showing  apparent  thickness  of  the 
wall  and  the  spore  area.  2.  A  young  spore.  3.  A  mature  spore.  4.  An  old  spore. 
5-9.  Pleurage  hyalopilosa.  5,  6.  Perithecia.  7.  Rhizoids.  8.  Ascus  X  79.  9. 
Outline  of  upper  portion  of  two  asci. 


/ 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  VIII 


Robt.  Stratton 


123 


124 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 

Note?:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-4.  Pleurage  hyalopilosa.  1.  Young  spores  in  outline.  2,  3.  Older  spores.  4. 
A  mature  spore. 

5-8.  Pleurage  immersa.  5.  Perithecium.  6.  Ascus  showing  spore  arrangement. 
7.  A  mature  spore.  8.  An  old  spore. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  IX 


Robt.  Stratton 


125 


126 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  X. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-5.  Pleurage  zygospora.  L  Perithecium.  2.  Portions  of  arachnoid  mycelium. 

3.  Outline  of  young  ascus  X  306.  4.  Young  spore.  5.  Mature  spores  X  306. 

6-7.  Pleurage  vestita.  6.  Perithecium.  7.  Rhizoid-like  mycelium. 


/ 


OHIO]  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  X 


Robt.  Stratton 


127 


128 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XI. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-6.  Pleurage  vestita.  1.  Mature  ascus  showing  2-seriate  arrangement  of  spores 

X  306.  2.  Ascus  cap  showing  manner  of  opening  X  306.  3.  A  mature  spore. 

4.  Other  forms  of  spores.  5.  Germinating  spores  after  24  hours  in  water 

X  306.  6.  Germinating  spores  X  306.  The  two  on  the  left  were  in  water  one  day 

the  one  on  the  right,  two  days. 

7-9.  Pleurage  longicaudata.  7.  Perithecium.  8.  Tip  of  a  young  ascus.  9. 
Expanded  ascus  X  79. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XI 


Robt.  Stratton 


129 


130 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-3.  Pleurage  longicaudata.  1.  Ascus  contracted  X  306.  2.  Upper  portion  of  an 
ascus  expanded.  3.  Spores. 

4-9.  Pleurage  multicaudata.  4.  Perithecium.  5.  Outer  portion  of  hair-bundle. 
6.  Mature  ascus.  7.  Old  spore  in  section.  8,  9.  Mature  spores. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XII 


Robt.  Stratton 


131 


132 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-4.  Pleurage  dakotensis.  1.  Perithecium.  2.  Agglutinate  hairs.  3.  Mature 
ascus.  4.  Mature  spore. 

5-12.  Pleurage  curvicolla.  5.  Perithecium.  6.  Apical  hair.  7.  Mycelium  from 
agar.  8.  Young  ascus  with  thick  hyaline  wall.  9.  Young  ascus  showing  a 
few  of  the  many  spores  forming.  10.  A  spore.  11.  Germinating  spores. 
12.  Conidial  stage. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XIII 


6  7 

Robt.  Stratton 


133 


134 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIV. 


Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-4.  Pleurage  collapsa.  1,  2.  Perithecia.  3.  Old  mature  ascus  shrunken  from 
drying.  4.  Old  spores. 

5-8.  Pleurage  pleiospora.  5.  Perithecium.  6.  Young  asci  in  outline  X  79.  7. 

Types  of  mature  spores.  8.  Spore  showing  shriveled  primary  appendage. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XIV 


5 

Robt.  Stratton 


135 


136 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XV. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-7.  Delitschia  leporina.  1.  Perithecium.  2.  Paraphyses,  branched  and 
unbranched  forms.  3.  Ascus.  4.  Spore  within  ascus  wall.  5.  Mature 
spore.  6.  Immature  spore  showing  hyaline  envelope  and  thick  wall.  7. 
Irregular  spore  forms  in  outline. 

8-14.  Delitschia  vulgaris.  8.  Perithecium  crushed.  9.  Hair  of  beak.  10,  11. 
Ruptured  asci.  12.  Mature  spore.  13.  Same  seen  endwise.  14.  Old  spore 
showing  germ-pores. 


I 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XV 


Robt.  Stratton 


S 


137 


5  O  B 


138 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVI. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-5.  Sporormia  minima.  1.  Perithecia.  2.  Young  ascus  in  outline.  3.  Two 
asci  showing  spore  arrangement.  4.  Ascus  showing  cap  and  how  spores 
escape.  5.  Mature  spore. 

6-13.  Sporormia  intermedia.  6.  Perithecium  seen  in  section.  7.  Another  form  of 
perithecium  in  outline.  8.  Ascus  much  elongated  in  water.  9.  Mature 
ascus.  10.  Lower  portion  of  an  opened  ascus  with  one  spore.  11.  Cap-like 
lid  of  same  ascus  with  two  spores.  12.  Mature  spore  with  hyaline  envelope 
swollen  in  water.  13.  Spore  as  seen  within  inner  membrane  of  ascus. 

?,  •  * 

•  (f  ■  *.  A 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XVI 


139 


140 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-3.  Sporormia  leporina.  1.  Ascus  with  spores  escaping.  2.  Mature  ascus  in 
outline.  3.  A  spore. 

4-7.  Sporormia  tuberculata.  4.  Perithecium.  5.  Ascus  elongating  in  water.  6. 

Diagrammatic  sketch  of  an  ascus.  7.  A  spore. 

8-11.  Sporormia  fimetaria.  8.  Perithecium  in  outline  with  asci  projecting  X  450. 
9.  Perithecium  with  ascus  projecting  X  450.  10.  Young  asci  in  outline.  11. 

Mature  ascus. 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY— BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XVII 


Robt.  Stratton 


141 


142 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVIII. 

Note:  Where  no  magnifications  are  given  an  enlargement  of  79  diameters  for  perithecia,  and  450  diame¬ 
ters  for  hairs,  paraphyses,  asci,  and  spores  is  to  be  understood.  The  illustrations  were  drawn  from  a 
magnification  double  that  given  here  and  reduced  one-half  in  the  process  of  reproduction. 

1-9.  Sporormia  herculea.  1.  Perithecium.  2.  Upper  portion  of  a  paraphysis.  3. 
Young  ascus  showing  thick  hyaline  wall.  4.  Ascus  in  outline  showing  spore 
arrangement  X  306.  5.  Tip  of  ascus.  6.  Young  spores.  7.  Mature  spore. 
8.  Other  spores  in  outline.  9.  Peculiar  apical  spore  of  ascus. 


/ 


OHIO  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY-BULLETIN  12 


PLATE  XVIII 


Robt.  Stratton 


143 


INDEX 

(The  technical  descriptions  of  the  genera  and  species  are  indicated  by  bold-face 
numbers.  Synonyms  are  in  italics.) 


Agaricaceae .  77 

Algae .  77 

Ascotricha .  79 

Cercophora .  90 

conica .  90 

Chaetomiaceae .  79 

Chaetomium .  79 

bartholomaei .  83 

bostrychodes  .  81 

elatum  . .  82 

funicola  .  83 

glabrescens .  82 

globosum .  .  79 

murorum . 80 

olivaceum .  80 

pannosum  .  82 

setosum .  83 

spirochaete .  81 

Delitschia . 99 

didvma .  99 

leporina  .  99 

vulgaris .  99 

Distribution .  76 

Fimetaria  .  84 

bombardioides . .  77 

discospora  . 87 

fimicola .  86 

humana  . 85 

minima  .  . .  .  85 

pilosa .  87 

tetraspora .  .....  84 

Fimetariaceae .  83 

Fimetariales .  79 

Hypocopra .  85 

discospora . 87 

humana .  85 

minima .  85 

Introduction .  75 

Malinvernia .  90 

anserina .  90 

Methods  .  77 

Molds .  77 

Philocopra . 93 

collapsa .  97 

curvicolla .  97 

dakotensis .  96 

multifera .  100 

pleiospora .  98 

zygospora  . . . *■*. «  .*•«>-».. . .  93 

l  r  n  ’■* 

Lii»  !  ill 


APR  2  4  1930 


Pleurage .  88 

amphicornis .  91 

anserina .  90 

collapsa .  97 

conica .........  90 

curvicolla .  97 

dakotensis  .  96 

hyalopilosa  .  92 

immersa .  92 

longicaudata .  95 

multicaudata .  95 

pleiospora .  98 

taenioides .  89 

vestita .  94 

zygospora .  93 

Podospora .  94 

vestita .  94 

Schizotheca .  88 

Schizothecium .  88 

fimicola . .• .  88 

Sordaria .  84 

curvicolla .  97 

curvula .  90 

discospora .  87 

fimicola  .  86 

longicaudata .  95 

minima .  85 

multicaudata .  95 

pleiospora .  98 

taenioides .  89 

vestita .  94 

zygospora .  93 

Sphaeria . 86 

amphicornis .  91 

anserina .  90 

eximia  .  91 

fimetaria .  103 

fimicola .  86 

humana . .  85 

multifera .  100 

Sporormia .  100 

fimetaria . 103 

herculea .  104 

intermedia . 101 

leporina .  102 

minima .  100 

tuberculata .  103 


UNIVF 


rai- 

0*.  1 


V 

i 


CF  ILL  f 


144 


'  • 


